Unit 1 Living Beings: Cells, Organelles, Animal and Plant Cells

Living Beings and Conditions for Life

• Living beings and conditions for life (page 32)
• Composition of life (page 34)
• The cell (page 36)
• The vital functions (page 40)
• Classification of living things (page 42)
• The five kingdoms (page 44)

1 - Living beings

BBC

Characteristics of Living Beings

• Similar chemical composition
• Made up of cells
• Perform the 3 vital functions: Nutrition, interaction and reproduction

Which of the following are living beings? ver-imagenes.com

The Earth and Conditions for Life

1.1. The Earth and the conditions for life

Conditions for life:

• Distance to the Sun Mild temperatures: (average 15℃) Water in a liquid state The solar energy reaches the Earth
• Terrestrial atmosphere that protect us from dangerous radiations and provide us with the gases neccesary for life.
• Presence of basic chemical elements

Earth's Layers

The Earth is formed by four layers:

• Geosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere
• Biosphere

The Earth's different layers

The atmosphere A layer of gases surrounding the Earth

The hydrosphere All of the liquid water on the Earth

The biosphere All the living beings inhabiting the Earth

The geosphere The solid base made up of rocks and minerals

Composition of Life

2- Composition of life

cl . cr Nat Na cr Nat cr Na Na+2 cr cl Nat Na cr

• Living beings are made up of small particles, called atoms.
• Atoms join together by chemical bonds, forming complex compounds called molecules.

All living things are made of 20 chemical elements

A chemical element is a form of matter composed of atoms of the same type

We know 117 different type of atoms

Periodic Table of Elements

Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 Atomic # Symbd Name Atomic Mass c Solid Metals Nonmetals Helium 4.002802 3 4 Hg Liquid Alkali metals earth metals Alkaline metals Transition Poor metals nonmetals Other C N O F Foron Carbon 12.0107 Nitrogen 14.0067 Oxygen 15.9994 Fluorine 18.9984032 Neon 20.1797 11 12 R Unknown 13 AI Si P S CI Ar Aluminium 26.9815386 Silicon 28.0855 Phosphorus 30.973762 Sulfur 32.085 Chlorine 25.452 Argon 39.948 19 20 31 32 3.3 34 35 36 4 K Ca Calcium 40.078 21 Sc Scandium 44.955912 22 Ti 2802 2812 NOMT 2832 26 Fe Iron 55.845 27 Co Cobalt 58.933195 28 Ni 29 Cu Copper 63.546 Zn Zinc 05.38 Ga Gallium 69.723 Ge Germanium 72.64 As Arsenio 74.92100 Se Selenium 78.90 Bromine 79.904 Krypton 83.798 37 38 39 Y 40 Zr 28802 41 42 43 To 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd Palladium 108.42 47 Ag Silver 107.8682 48 49 50 52 53 54 5 Rb Rubidium 85.4678 Sr Strontium 87.62 Yttrium 88.90585 Niobium 92.90638 Molybdenum 95.96 Ruthenium 101.07 Rhodium 102.90550 Cadmium 112.411 Indium 114.818 Tin 118.710 Antimony 121.760 Telurium 127.00 lodine 126.90447 Xeno 131.293 55 56 73 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Caesium 132.9054519 Ba Barium 137.327 57-71 Ta Os Ir Au Hg TI Pb Bİ Po At Rn Hafnium 178.45 Tantalum 180.94788 Tungsten 183.8 Rhenium 186.207 Osmium 190.23 Iridium 192.217 Platinum 195.084 Gold 196.966569 Mercury 200.59 Thallium 204.3833 Lead 207. Bismuth 208.98040 Polonium (208.9824) Astatine (209.9871) Radon (222.0176) 87 88 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 2882222 107 Bh Bohrium (264 108 Hs Hassium (277) Mt Ds 112 Uub 114 Uuq Ununquadum 115 Uup Ununpentium (288) 116 Uuh Ununhexium (292) 117 Uus Uuo Rutherfordium (261) Dubnium (262) Seaborgium 266) Meitnerium (268) Darmstadtum (271) Ununbium (285) (289) 67 69 70 71 La 58 Ce Cerium 140.116 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 62 63 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 68 Er Tm Yb LU Lanthanum 138.90547 Praseodymium 140.90765 Neodymium 144.242 Pm Promethium (145) Sm Samarium 150.36 Eu Europium 151.964 Gadolinium 157.25 Terbium 158.92535 Dysprosium 162.500 Holmium 164.93032 Erbium 167.259 Thulium 168.93421 Ytterbium 173.054 Lutetium 174.9668 89 90 Th 91 Pa 92 93 U Np 94 Pu Plutonium (244) 95 Am Americium (243) 96 Cm Curium (247) 97 Bk Berkelium (247) 98 99 101 102 103 Md No Lr Ac Actinium (227) Thorium 232.03808 Protactinium 231.03588 Uranium 238.02891 Neptunium (237) Californium (251) Es Einsteinium 252 100 Fm Fermium (257) Mendelevium (258) Nobelium (259) (262 23 6 24 7 8 26 27 2 Li Lithium 3.941 Be Beryllium 9.012182 H Gas Actinoids 14 265 286 17 18 3 Na Sodium 22.98976928 Mg Magnesium 24.3050 2682 2884 2865 2886 2887 Br Kr Potassium 39.0983 Titanium 47.867 Vanadium 50.9415 Chromium 51.9901 25 Mn Manganese 64.938045 24 Cr V Nb Mo Te Xe XHEZO 7 Fr Francium 223) Ra Radium (226) 89-103 72 Hf 74 W 268222 75 Re 109 110 For elements with no stable isotopes, the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses. Design and Interface Copyright @ 1997 Michael Dayah (michael@dayah.com). http://www.ptable.com/ 57 Ptable .com 1 H He Hydrogen 1.00794 10 Ne K B 10.811 Noble gases 5 25 g Lanthanoids 281 267 28887 Cd In Sn 64 60 60 50 m 51 Sb 286065 Ununseptium Ununoctium (294) XHEZOR 118 111 Rg Roentgenium (272) 113 Uut Ununtrium (284) Cf Lawrencium 2 K 2682 23 30 Nickel 58.0934 Zirconium 91.224 Technetium (97.9072 78 Pt HoE 6 E P E IN P IN Z P P 12 P P N Carbon 12.0107 8 O Oxygen 15.9994 20 Ca Calcium 40.08 Potassium ()123RF 19 K K (2)123R @12315 Potassium 39.0983 ?3RF' Atomic mass: 39.098 Electron configuration: 2, 8, 8, 1 E F C ()123RF'

Bioelements

2.1. Bioelements Chemical elements which living things are composed of.

Primary bioelements Carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S).

Secondary bioelements Calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (k).

Trace elements Iron (Fe) and iodine (I)

Biomolecules

2.2.Biomolecules Molecules (set of atoms linked by bonds) that make up living beings and associate and organize to form the structures that make up the cell.

Water Na Inorganic K Ca Mg Mineral salts

Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Organic Proteins Nucleic acids

Inorganic Biomolecules

Inorganic biomolecules Found in both living and non-living things. Its main element is not carbon.

Water Mineral salts

Water Functions

Water

• Main component of living things.
• It is necessary for chemical reactions, regulate temperature and to transport substances.

O H H

Which animals can survive more days without water?

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Mineral Salts

Mineral salts They can be dissolved (they regulate many vital processes) or form part of solid structures, like shells, bones and teeth. Examples: Iron, sodium, calcium carbonate ...

Review of Inorganic Components

Review Why does the Earth have mild temperatures?

What is the geosphere?

What 3 characteristics do living beings share?

What are inorganic molecules?

Name two functions of water

Organic Biomolecules

Organic biomolecules . They are unique to living things. . Its main element is carbon (C).

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins Nucleic acids E c

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates They provide cells with energy and form part of some cell structures. Examples: glucose, lactose, sucrose, cellulose . A H BH 5' 1 H 5.1 H HO-C OH HO OH O O 4 1' 4 1' H H H H H H H H 3 2' 3' 2 H HO OH HO -C

Lipids

Lipids They store energy, provide heat insulation and form part of some cell structures like the plasma membrane Examples:fats, cholesterol H3C CH3 ÇH3 CH3 CH3 HO

Proteins

Proteins They form structures such as hair, skin and muscles, help the inmune system and the body movement and transport substances. LAS PROTEÍNAS Examples: haemoglobin, collagen, keratin 1

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids

• They contain an individual's genetic information.
• DNA and RNA Citosina Citosina C NH NH Bases nitrogenadas 0 Guanina G Guanina G 0 NH NH 4Hz ~NH2 Par de bases Adenina A Adenina A HON H2N Timina 0 0 NH HJC. NH Columnas de azúcar-fosfato Bases del ARN Bases del ADN ARN Ácido ribunocléico ADN Ácido desoxirribonucleico Uracilo U

Biomolecule Review

Review 1- Which biomolecule are we talking about in the following cases ?: a) It's the most abundant in the living things. b) They are very important when we run a short and explosive race. c) They must be on a healthy diet to form healthy and strong muscles. d) They form shells, bones etc. 2- Why iron is so important for human beings? 3- What are the differences between organic and inorganic biomolecules? Classify them.

Cells

3- Cells Cells are the functional and structural units of all living things. They can carry out the three life functions.

Cell Theory

Cell theory O O -

• All organisms are made of cells
• Cells are able to perform the vital functions.
• Every cell is the result of the division of a pre-existing cell

Cell Structure

3.1. The cell structure All cells have:

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Genetic material plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleic acid

Cell Membrane

Cell membrane or plasma membrane Thin layer that protects the cell. It regulates the exchange of substances with the outside. plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleic acid

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm It is the viscous fluid that fills the inside of the cell and in which the cell organelles (small structures that perform specific functions) are found. plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleic acid

Genetic Material

Genetic material It is made up of DNA fibres, which contains all the information to control cell functions plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleic acid

Cell Structure Review

Review What is the main function of lipids?

What functions does water have?

What are organic biomolecules?

What is a cell?

What three structures do all cells have?

Where are cellular organelles found?

How big are the cells?

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Cell Size

3.2. Size of the cells Bacteria Linfocito Ameba € 1 Å 10*10m 1 nm 10 nm/ Microscopio electrónico a electronic Célula intestinal 100 nm -7 10"m 1 pm Microscopio de luz 10 μm Célula nerviosa de jirafa 100 um 10~ m 1 mm 10 mm 10'2m Yema de huevo de avestruz Vision humana -1 10 m 100 mm 1 metro 10 metros Unit: micrometres (um) 1 m= 1000mm= 1000000 um 1 um = 0,001mm= 0,000001m

0,1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 um 100 um Optical microscope Electronic microscope Chloroplasts Atoms DNA Animal and plant cells Molecules Bacteria Virus *1pm (micrometre) equals 0.001mm.

Which are the biggest and the smallest cells of the human body? a desmotivacioneses

Cell Size Exercises

Norma acaDÉMICO Copy and answer in your notebook:

1. If the diameter of a cell is 0,000006 metres long, how many micrometres does it measure?
2. If the diameter of a cell is 70 micrometres long, how many metres does it measure?