Key Idea 4.2: Analyzing demographic changes with census data

Places: Function and Characteristics Over Time

Key idea 4.2 Places have changed their function and characteristics over time4.2a -

• Over time, places have changed their functions (administrative, commercial, retail and industrial) and demographic characteristics (gentrification, age structure and ethnic composition).. Places of all size and type, rural and urban, may be associated with one particular or dominant function, such as mining, steel, leisure, tourism or a market.
• They will have distinct demographic characteristics which are reflected in employment trends, land-use pattern and levels of inequality and deprivation.

How Places Change

Functional Change

• Administrative Functions
• Economic Functions
  • retail, manufacturing etc
  • Structural change (eg secondary to tertiary sector)
  • Changing types of employment

Environmental Change

• Built environment
• Natural Environment

Demographic Change

• age structure
• population size
• Population density
• Socio-economic profile
• How educated?
• How healthy?
• How wealthy?
• Cultural diversity
• ethnic
• religious

Functional Change and Landscapes

Functional change

• Historically, specialist functions such as banks, department stores and council offices are classed as high-order functions and located in larger settlements.
• Many grocery stores, post boxes and pubs are classed as lower-order functions and are found even in smaller villages.

However,

• The landscapes that these functions have produced are slowly changing because of the internet and broadband services and changing customer habits.
• Online shopping, click-and-collect and internet banking have all affected the high street.
• Regeneration may seek to counteract 'cloning' of land uses and encourage specific place identities to attract customers back.
• In rural settings, pubs have had to diversify and may now double up as community centres, post offices and villages shops.

Changes in Urban, Coastal, and Rural Areas

Urban areas

• Loss of city centre retail (e.g. food, DIY and home wares) to out-of-town retail and business parks.
• Loss of business and commercial functions to the edge of towns including business and science parks.
• Decline in heavy industry due to global shift, off shoring and outsourcing
• Limited access and high costs for motorists and commuters (limited parking, congestion charging)
• High cost of city centre housing.

Coastal areas

• Decline in traditional fishing industries.
• Cheap overseas tourism destinations make British seaside resorts less attractive.
• Decline in tourism income has caused a spiral of decline in seaside towns.
• Hard to attract private investments with lower numbers of tourists.
• Depopulation as there are few local job opportunities.
• Some coastal resorts are inaccessible and take a long time to reach.

Countryside

• Agricultural change as a result of mechanisation and overseas competition has resulted in low incomes.
• Limited public transport means locals cannot shop around or travel far for work.
• Less government support requires farmers to diversify to survive.
• Depopulation results in a loss of vital services.
• Increased proportion of second or holiday homes has driven up house prices beyond the reach of local people.

Demographic Changes and Census Data

Demographic changes

• Urban and rural have distinct demographic characteristics, which have also altered over time.
• Some headline characteristics and trends taken from 2021 census compared with 2011:
• The population grew in each of the nine regions of England and also grew in Wales; the region with the highest population growth was the East of England, which increased by 8.3% from 2011 (a gain of approximately 488,000 residents).
• There were more people than ever before in the older age groups; the proportion of the population who were aged 65 years and over was 18.6% (16.4% in 2011).
• Rural areas have higher elderly population and more born in the UK than in urban areas.
• 81.7% of the population was white
• people from Asian ethnic groups made up the second largest percentage of the population (9.3%), followed by black (4.0%), mixed (2.9%) and other (2.1%) ethnic groups
• from 2011 to 2021, the percentage of people in the white British ethnic group went down from 80.5% to 74.4%

Demographic Changes: Gentrification and Studentification

Demographic changes - examples Gentrification and studentification

• Gentrification is a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location.
• It is the process by which more affluent residents and businesses move into an inner city neighbourhood leading to the displacement of the original working class population.
• Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place's characteristics, residential and retail, to deliberately attract people of a higher social status and income.
• Example: Super-gentrification in Portland Road, Notting Hill, London: what were Victorian slums are now sold for multi-million prices.

Gentrification: Economic, Social, and Political Effects

Gentrification

• Time for Geography | Gentrification: economic, social and political effects

Gentrification: Character Changes and Controversy

Gentrification

• Gentrification changes the character of inner city areas and involves:
  • physical improvement of the housing stock (renewal and/or redevelopment)
  • housing tenure change from renting to owning
  • Increasing house prices
  • Displacement of working-class population by more wealthy residents
• Why is gentrification controversial?
• .... low income residents will be forced out of an area as the cost of housing rents increase.

Social Groups in Gentrified Neighborhoods

Gentrification

• What social groups tend to move into gentrified neighbourhoods?
• YUPPIES ..
• Young urban professionals
• DINKY ....
• Dual Income No Kids Yet
• Hipsters ....

Who are the Hipsters?

Who are the Hipsters?

• Hipsters - Young urban professionals that value independent thinking, counter culture and are progressive in outlook.
• Hipsters do not usually self identify and the term is often used in a derogatory way to describe someone who is pretentious and "artsy". Comic definition of "Hipster:" Hipsters are people that try too hard to be different by rejecting anything they deem to be too popular. Ironically, so many other people also try too hard to be different that they all wind up being the exact same, so hipsters aren't actually different at all, they're just people that are snobbier and more annoying about their taste in "alternative" things, which are all popular now thanks to the other hipsters. https://timeforgeography.co.uk/videos list/citi es/gentrification/ TRIVIA: From the slang term "hip" meaning “in the know". of the HIPSTER Photos by Maddy Booth Models: Jess Smith & Ryan Vogel Produced by Sarah Lawrence and Brittany Joyce 2010 - 2015 The Lumbersexual The Cruelty-Free Vegan 2014 2010 The Colorful Crafter The Festival Flower Girl The vegin'y cruelty- five BOIS maybe a matelic tattoo or two to reve Portlandia The Coffee Shop Sophisticate alsamring is the The Chic Traveler Đường browning Etsy and putter. Lotset gutter and jestegrams to travel A 5/S Alrob review if the room is cool enough to Wijbys reading ax well as Trie may only last a few High thịt git knows how to make it look like & With a beard that says he KALD brimming with organic stani. he's mature's pratt veggies and his wirthd Boy: Jul thơ cử at the botanical accoutrements vement watching people watch Pasta The EVOLUTION

Studentification: Process and Definition

Studentification

• .. process by which students move in large numbers into a formerly non-student neighbourhood. TO LET- 01432 352116 northwood 2 ROOMS AVAILABLE 1954 EFM

Studentification

• Definition from the textbook: Contradictory social, cultural and physical changes resulting from an influx of students within privately rented accommodation in particular neighbourhoods.

Issues with Studentification

Studentification

• What are the issues likely to be?
• Houses in multiple occupation (HMO)
• Increase in population density
• House price decline
• Gardens often unkept
• Large volumes of bins & rubbish & rats!
• Noise/raucous behaviour
• More sexual assaults & drug crime
• Landlords have little incentive to maintain housing as can always find tenants so deterioration of buildings
• Non-students leave. BELVOIRI Let https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oC3LLbXRyYo

Factors Affecting Place Characteristics

Key idea 4.2 .B - Reasons for changes in a place might be explained by physical factors, accessibility and connectedness, historical development and the role of local and national planning

Factors affecting the changing characteristics of places

• Physical factors i.e. location and the environment
• Accessibility and connectedness - i.e access to other places via road, rail and air
• Historical development
• Role of planning by governments and other stakeholders

Tasks for Understanding Place Change

Tasks Task: read through the examples of factors that affect characteristics of places on page 259 Hodder textbook Create a mind map from the information - you must include all of the factors (physical, accessibility, historical development, role of planning by government national and local) Extension- exam practice: Explain reasons why the function of a place might change over time (8 marks)

Measuring Place Change

4.2 C - Change can be measured

• Geographers measure changes within places using 4 key methods:
• Land-use changes
• Employment trends
• Demographic changes
• Levels of deprivation

Place change can be measured ...

• By comparing ..
• Old images of the place with modern images (to reveal changes in the built environment)
• Old Ordnance Survey maps with the current map (to reveal changes in landuse)
• Old census data with the latest census (to reveal changing employment and demographic trends)
• Oral accounts from the past (to reveal changes in the lived experience)

Investigating Place Image with Photographs

Example Three - Investigating Place Image using photographs London Docklands 1983 and 2015

Using Maps to Show Functional Change

Using maps to show a change in function Part of inner city Birmingham in 1887 ACK PROSPECT ROW ROW 385.97 BARRACKS CAVALRY Schools BELMONT 8.M.356.31 W E GOPSAL STREET Wharf B.M.351.2 URZON -STREE Curzon Street Wharf -S B, BANA The same part of inner city Birmingham in 2016 .......... ... rmingham Cit University Crown copyright-and database rights 2016 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licens ELFOR L E

Differences in Birmingham's Inner City

Differences ...

• Far less small residential and more large commercial buildings
• Ring road and dual carriageways replacing narrower and smaller capacity roads
• More public administration buildings
• Less of a grid iron pattern
• More green space