Sustainable Architecture: Energy Efficiency, Passive House, Low Energy House

INTERNATIONAL BALKAN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Lectures: Sustainable Architecture Spring Semester 2025 Asst. Prof. Marija Miloshevska Janakieska, PhD

SUSTAINBLE ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 3: Energy Efficiency, Passive House, Low Energy House, Energy Plus House

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature. Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process or by application of commonly accepted methods to reduce energy losses.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS A PILLAR OF SUSTAINABILITY

• Reducing Energy Consumption Lower Environmental Impact
• Keeping Natural Resources
• Supporting Renewable Energy Integration
• Lowering CO2 emissions
• Improving Indoor Environmental Quality 4 ....CO2 EMISSIONS? 3,000 Tons of CO2 per Project: What Does This Have to Do with Your Future? Let me be direct: 3,000 tons of CO2 is the same as 600 cars running for a full year-and that's just the emissions from constructing a single building.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy efficient design implies a careful balance between energy consumption, generation and storage. The basic design principle integrates the building components into one system, making the most of the building's surroundings, climatic conditions and available renewable energy sources.

INORTH

76 Km 45km 4.3Km 64 Km SUNSHINE COAST IPSWICH Vegetation River Oceans BRISBANE CBD WOOD FORD. Ice sheets Sun Clouds Volcanoes Glaciers Sea ice Human activity Land surface

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy flows in buildings

A building can be considered a thermal system with a series of heat flows, inputs and such as heat outputs, transfer (Qt), heat ventilation (Qv), internal heat gain (Qi) and solar heat gain (Qs). Qs Qt Qs Qv Qi Qt AQ=Qh Qt

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The aim is to reduce the need for traditional heating, cooling and ventilation, which inefficient and consumes fossil fuels. Therefore, it is recommended to use modern active technological systems that use renewable energy. In addition to high energy efficiency and reduced environmental disturbance, energy efficient design results in a pleasant indoor climate, which is crucial for the users who use the building. Users play an important role in energy efficiency, because only with proper use of facilities, the level of balance that was planned and designed by engineers can be achieved. is structure bas. Section 12. 6. 5540. Planche Sapw. Sector 12/12. Taiture ordine. TREES COME 190. 1200 220 9of 10.190. 1192 523. 2700. NTREE Double traitement MAISON Facade Nord cole' ENTERE . 5660 2 80 %

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Planning and designing energy efficient buildings is a complex process, which can be understood at three levels. The first basic level includes the optimal selection of components of the building, such as the concept of the structural system, the composition of the thermal coating, building details, type of glazing and other materials, with special attention to the environment, climatic conditions and orientation.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Classification of buildings based on their energy efficiency

There is currently no universally accepted classification of buildings according to their energy efficiency. On the contrary, in each country there are different standards used in the construction industry across countries in Europe.

ENERGY RATINGS

A+++ ENERGY A+++ A A A ++ A++ ENERGY A++ A A++ ENERGY + A+ A+ A A+ D A A A A B ENERGY B B B ENERGY C C C C ENERGY D D D 8 E F G D +++ B C ENERGY

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Classification of buildings based on their energy efficiency standards

To set specific energy standards for buildings, many European countries use classification systems based on national building codes or repeat existing labels, such as "Swiss Minergie", "German Passive House" or "Austrian Climate: active House". In order to achieve an appropriate label or to classify an object into a specific standard, determined by building regulations, that object must meet specific energy consumption requirements, which are not complied with in all classification systems. In general, the energy standard is achieved through constructive measures and active technical systems. Consumer behavior has no effect on energy standard, although it does affect energy consumption.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Classification of energy-efficient buildings in Macedonia

Our country is following this trend, so in the last period several strategic documents have been adopted, which cover energy efficiency. Buildings are divided into eight energy classes, namely: A +, A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Class A + is the most energy efficient, while class G is the most energy disadvantageous class.

Energy Efficiency Classes

A B C D E F Energy Efficiency G

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

13. W L a W a 6) Building shape 20 Building orientation L. ВЕЧЕР YTPO Thermal Insulation Zoning of spaces Building Materials Elements for solar control 1. BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS 797 Glazing surfaces - a b b L

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Climatic impact and environment of the building

The influence of climate is very important and determines the style of the building, since the time of Vitruvius. Detailed site research and study has always been the first step in the process of planning and designing facilities. 13 2122 4.15 16 195 2.20 155 199

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Climatic impact and environment of the building design

First and foremost, it necessary to study the climatic impact on a global level, to study the global climate impact, which includes the influence of the sun. Information about the position of the sun plays a major role in determining the various elements in the design of buildings such as: the orientation of the building, the orientation of the windows, the depth of sunlight entering the rooms, the choice of devices for solar control ...

HUDSON

PM Washington Grasslands High Line Sundeck 14th STREET 10th AVE

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

1. Building shape

The shape of the building is determined by the external elements: walls, floors and roof surface. The shape has a significant impact on the thermal characteristics of the building.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

1. Building shape considerations

a b b L W L a W a) б) To reduce heat transfer through the envelope, it is necessary to provide a compact shape. On the other hand, the dynamic shape with large transparent surfaces allows more heat gain from the sun. The connection of these two aspects in defining the form is crucial in the process of designing energy-efficient buildings. According to the general design principles for energy-efficient buildings, the compact square is the most optimal shape. But according to some studies in certain locations with specific climatic conditions, the dynamic form can be even more effective.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

2. Building orientation

The orientation of the building is defined as the angle between a certain area, for example the facade and the axis in the north direction. L 20°

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

2. Building orientation benefits

According to the principles of energy efficiency, most of the glazed parts of the building should be oriented to the south. It provides greater benefits from solar radiation, better lighting, but also increases the risk of overheating in summer. To prevent overheating, a well-designed solar radiation control system is essential. It is therefore extremely important to make a study of the optimal glazing area of buildings.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

2. Building orientation challenges

Certain locations may be less grateful for orientation if they cannot provide a large south-facing façade. The task of the architect in that case is to make the most of the existing conditions by adapting the concept to the given micro-location conditions. For example, atriums can be designed with glazing on the south side, as well as roof windows, which would allow the solar radiation into the building.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

3. Zoning of interior spaces

Zoning is a term used to divide a building into spaces that have similar characteristics to climatic conditions. Energy-efficient design requires careful interior zoning in order to ensure a rational distribution of heat and daylight. There are several zoning concepts that depend on the type, size and purpose of the building.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

3. Zoning of interior spaces for daylight

Daylight zoning should also be considered. Rooms intended for work, play or housing require a greater amount of light, so they should be oriented towards the glazed facade, while rooms that do not require much light occupy a central position. The result is an excellent indoor climate and a reduction in electricity consumption for lighting.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

4. Building components

Generally, the building consists of structural elements, protection and finishing elements and active technical systems. Structural elements can be made of various materials, such as brick, concrete, wood, steel ... The most important role in protecting the building from weather conditions, heat, moisture or sound have insulation materials whose choice depends mostly on the type of structural elements. All building components should be coordinated with the building requirements, its purpose, users and climatic conditions.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Basic design parameters

4. Building components and thermal envelope

The term "thermal envelope" refers to the components of the building that enclose the heated volume, creating a barrier, which prevents unwanted heat exchange between the interior and exterior of the space. The efficiency of the envelope depends on the materials, the type and size of the transparent surfaces, the solar control ... In order to achieve a certain level of energy efficiency, a certain range of specific requirements need to be met, some of which are related to the thermal envelope of the building.