Operating Systems: Functions and Historical Evolution of Windows

Operating Systems Explained

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Operating Systems
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What is an Operating System?

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What does it mean Operating System?
It is a program that permits the user to control the basic functions of a
computer.
·
It allows the user to communicate with the hardware using input/output
peripherals.
.
It is a system of different programs that work together in unison to
maintain the operations of the computer.
.
It assists users in the sharing of resources and uses service programs to
take care of standard tasks that are used repeatedly.
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Components of an Operating System

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What does it mean Operating System?
.
The most important part of the OS consists of the Supervisory Programs ->
which control all the other programs in OS and Service Programs -> which
provide system services to the user.

• Utility Programs -> allow
  files to be saved, copied,
  renamed or deleted.
• System aids -> It assists the
  user when developing a
  program. It also includes
  translation programs (e.g.
  assemblers, compiler and
  system aids).
  Timmar
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Types of Operating Systems

Single Program Operating Systems

1. Single Program -> It will permit one applications program to be run at a
   time (real time processing and batch processing):

• Real time processing -> The user interacts with the computer during
  the execution of the program, so it is able to respond immediately to
  the inputs.
• Batch processing -> A series of programs are run in sequence -> e.g.
  compilation of bills.

Multi-User Operating Systems

1. Multi - User -> A number of users use the computer at the same time. The
   computer resources are time - shared among the users, each user has
   exclusive use of the resources at any one time. As all operators are offered
   a time slice in turn, every user has the impression that they have exclusive
   use of a computer all the time.

Multi-Programming Operating Systems

1. Multi - Programming -> A very complex program that gives the impression
   of running more than one program at a time....
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Advanced Operating System Types

1. Multi - Threading -> Different parts of a single program run concurrently.
2. Virtual Storage -> The user has the impression of a computer with a larger memory.
3. Virtual Machine -> Different users can use different operating systems at the same
   time on the same computer.
   User
   Application
   Operating system
   Hardware
   User Interfaces...

User Interfaces

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User Interfaces
. It is the mean by which the user communicates with the OS.
. It is the boundary between the user and the machine.
. It is the way in which the computer presents itself.
Common interface are:

Command-Driven Interface

1. Command - Driven Interface -> The user is presented with a blank screen. The user
   types in commands, these commands are carried out by the OS.
   Ex: Dir -> it is the command to tell to the OS to display all files (it stands for
   Directory)

Menu-Driven Systems

1. Menu - Driven Systems -> It displays a list of commands or options, organised in
   various menus. The user can click directly on these commands through the
   keyboard -> this means that the user doesn't need to learn all the commands,
   the disadvantage is that this can be very slow.

Graphical User Interfaces

1. Graphical User Interfaces -> It is the most used, GUIs are intuitive, no need to
   learn commands + users can see a representation of what will be output or
   printed....

Unix Operating System

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Unix
Unix
· It was released in 1971.
.
It is divided into:

1. Kernel -> that is the central OS component. It allocates time and memory to
   programs and handles the files and communications in response to systems
   calls.
2. Shell -> it acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It interprets the
   commands that the user types in and arranges for them to be carried out.
   · Everything in Unix is either a File or a Process:

• Process -> It is an
  executing program
  identified by a unique
  process identifier (PID).
• File -> It is a collection
  of data created by
  users using text editors
  and running compilers....
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Linux Operating System

Linux
· It is a Unix - like.
· It is used as a server operating system, but its low cost, flexibility and Unix
background make it very suitable for a wide range of applications.
· It is also used in embedded systems such as mobile phones.
. It was really criticised for not ensuring ease (facilità) of use, that's why now Linux has
a user interface which is very similar to the other OS.
Linux
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Android Operating System

Android
· It is a Linux - based open source.
· It was designed originally for touch screen mobile devices.
· The code of Android is released by Google, but now it is an open source.
· For this reason there is a large community of developers who write applications in a
customised version of Java.
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Windows Operating System

Windows
. It is a family of operating systems, originally meant for personal
computers and later adapted to servers and mobile devices.
· Market share -> 90%
· It provides a GUI, virtual memory management, it is multitasking
and it is a support for many peripherals.
Windows
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Windows Versions and Features

Windows
Windows1 Windows 3.1 Windows 95 Windows XP
1985
1992
1995
2001
Windows
Vista 2006
Windows 7 Windows 8
2009
2012
Windows 10
2015

WINDOWS 1.0 and 2.0

• 1985/1987.
  Galaxy News
  . Here for the first time, users pointed and clicked with a mouse to
  access to the windows.

WINDOWS XP

• the longest running Microsoft O/S so far.
• 2001 and then discontinued (fuori produzione) in 2014.
• 2017 -> 8% share on the market.
• Best Windows versions, but with a lot of security problems, because it
  had a built-in (integrato) firewall which was turned off by default....
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WINDOWS 7

• 2009
• It replaces Windows Vista, introducing multi-touch and
  virtual hard disk support

WINDOWS 8

• 2012
• Completely redesigned O/S with touch screen and
  capable of loading and starting up in a matter of
  seconds.
• Metro design system interface (something between the
  computer and the human being) -> it consists of a
  start screen made up of live "windows" which are links
  to dynamic applications and features, updated in real
  time.
  "Windows98
  Windows 2000
  Windows 95
  Microsoft
  Windows Xp
  Windows Vista®
  MICROSOFT.
  Windows 7...
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WINDOWS 10

• Last version -> 2015
• With a new browser -> Microsoft Edge
• It works on all systems -> personal computers, smartphones,
  tablets, XBOX.
  Windows 10
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Mac Operating System

Mac
· It was developed by Apple Inc. in 1984
. The first OS was called Classic Mac OS.
The current one is called Mac OS X. between 1997 and 2001. This one was preinstalled on any
Mac computer and automatically updated, since 2001.
. All the Mac OS share a common set of GUI principles + a desktop with icons for apps and
related concepts as directories, file deletion and so on.
· Mac OS X offers a lot of benefits to the user and developers, regarding reliability and
performance.
· With OS X, the kernel also provides many enhancements (miglioramenti). Don't forget that in a
traditional OS, the kernel is a small nucleus of software that provides only the minimal
facilities necessary for implementing additional OS services, while in Mac OS X, the kernel
contains much more: the kernel, the IO kit, file systems and networking components.
.
Moreover, here the kernel assigns each process its own address space, controlling access to
the same, while apps are run in user space + the kernel ensures that no application can
inadvertently access or modify another application's memory. So the kernel in this case takes
care of the memory as well.
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Mac
. MacOS -> since 2015 and it is in Apple's current system software for PCs.
.
Similar devices are iOS which is a mobile operating system for iphone, Ipod or IPad.
· iOS interface is based on direct manipulation using multi-touch gestures on control elements
such as switches and buttons.
· It also provides different system applications such as a browser, a camera, messaging and
email notification.
. It is the most popular mobile OS after Android....
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Ubuntu Operating System

Ubuntu
. It was released in 2004 and it is a distribution
of Linux, indeed it uses the Linux kernel.
. It is distributed by a company called Canonical,
whose mission is to provide a free software
platform for users and developers.
. The Ubuntu project is committed to the
principles of open source software
development.
. It relies on the architecture of Linux to
communicate with computer hardware and its
commands follow the same rules of other Linux
distribution + it uses a GUI like Windows, Mac
OS and Android....
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Ubuntu
· The Operating Systems supports different types of software such as
productivity applications, media software and communication programs, which
run on other operating systems, especially on Microsoft Suite.
· Ubuntu supports software that is compatible with Linux, but with the
purpose of adapting the Linux OS in order to make it easier for the user.
. In fact, only the shell is different from a basic Linux distribution.
· Unity -> default desktop, it is very modern + it has a powerful search tool
for finding apps and docs.
· There are also other desktop environments available within the package
manager including: GNOME, LXDE, XFCE, KDE and MATE.
ubuntu
®
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Ubuntu Versions

• The most currently used versions are:

1. LTS (useful for people who don't want to upgrade
   their OS regularly).
2. 16.04 LTS that supports A 32-bit Intel
   architecture.
3. Ubuntu 17.04 released in April 2017, here Unity
   desktop is replaced with GNOME 3
4. Ubuntu Touch was released in 2013 for
   smartphones and tablets, but it works just on a
   restricted number of mobiles, for instance the
   Nexus family.