The Human Reproductive System: Anatomy and Cycles

Reproductive System Overview

Patricia Ripoll Reproductive System C O The Male and Female Reproductive Systems O

• The Human Reproductive System

  It has four specific functions: To produce gametes (egg and sperm cells) To store and transport these reproductive cells To nurture offspring as it develops To produce hormones

Sexual Reproduction and Fertilization

Reproducción sexual Sexual reproduction Fecundación Fertilization https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=A645322ltak Espermatozoide (producido en los testículos) Sperm (produced in the testicles) + Óvulo (producido en los ovarios) Egg (produced in the ovaries) Útero Cigoto (en las trompas de falopio) Desarrollo embrionario (en el útero, hasta la 8 semana) Embryonic development (in the uterus, up to 8 weeks) Desarrollo fetal (en el útero, desde la 9 semana hasta el nacimiento) Fetal development (in utero, from 9 weeks to birth) Nacimiento - Infancia (hasta los 6 años) Birth - Childhood (up to 6 years) Niñez (6-10 años)- Preadolescencia (10-14 años) Childhood (6-10 years)- Preadolescence (10-14 years) Adolescencia (14-19 años)- Juventud (14-26 años) Adolescence (14-19 years)- Youth (14-26 years) Adultez (27-59 años)- Vejez (60 años o más) Adulthood (27-59 years) - Old age (60 years or more)

Physical Changes During Adolescence

Male Adolescent Changes

Phisical changes during adolescense Male

• Voice deepens.
• Muscular development.
• Ejaculation begins to occur.
• Facial and body (armpits, groin ... ) hair grows.
• Genitals develop and mature.
• PUBERTY.

Female Adolescent Changes

Female

• Mammary glands develop. Greater adipose tissue volume. Menstruation begins.

• Facial and body (armpits, groin ... ) hair grows. Genitals develop and mature

Sex, Gender, or Sexuality?

SEX, GENDER OR SEXUALITY?

Gender and Social Behavior

Gender Social behaviour depending on your sex.

Affectionate Bonds and Feelings

Affectionate bonds Feelings you have for different people.

• ? Eroticism Related to sensual love and sexual desire.

Sexual Identity and Orientation

XXX Sexual identity Biological category in which you are identified. Sexual Orientation Related to which people you have feelings for. Cle

Sex: Genetically Determined Category

Sex Genetically determined biological category.

Male Reproductive Organs

Vas Deferens Function

Male Reproductive Organs Vas deferens Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation.

Testicles: Production and Hormones

Testicles

• Production of male gamets (sperm).

• They are about 3℃ lower tan body temperature. Formed of million of seminiferous tubules, finishing in the epididymis.
• Finally conected to vas deferens. They produce hormones (testosterone)

Prostate Gland

Bladder Cowper's glands Prostate Underneath the bladder, surrounding the urethra. Produces prostatic fluid that activates the sperm and neutralise the acidity of female mucous secretions.

• Connects ejaculatory duct with urethra.

Scrotum, Penis, and Urethra

Scrotum Penis Urethra Passageway for both urine and semen when exiting the body Used for both the elimination of urine from the body and the delivery of sperm for sexual reproduction. Composed of erectile tissue, Corpus spongiosum (Covers and protects the urethra) and Corpora cavernosa (Fill with blood during erection).

Male Reproductive System Components

Genital Tract Location

Male Reproductive System Genital tract Location Vas deferens From epididimys, to seminal vesicles. Epididymis Coiled tube attached to the top of each testicle Urethra From prostate, to outside.

Accessory Glands

Accesory Location glands Seminal vesicles Produce the seminal fluid. Prostate Produce the prostatic fluid. Cowper's glands Produce lubricating fluid before ejaculation.

Spermatogonia and Leydig Cells

Male Reproductive System testis Leydig cell Sertoli cell epididymis seminiferous tubules SPERMATOGONIA SPERM Each testicle is made up of millions of seminiferous tubules. The walls of the seminiferous tubules contain spermatogonia, which are cells will become male gametes (sperm). Sertoli cells nourish and support developing sperm cells. In the connective tissue that surrounds the seminiferous tubule we find the interstitial cells (also known as Leydig cells), which secrete testosterone into the blood.

Spermatogenesis: Sperm Formation

Spermatogenesis Formation of male gametes (sperm) https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=h- IbOAG059c Head Occurs in the walls of the seminiferous tubules. This process begins when a boy reaches puberty. The beginning of puberty is marked by a boy's first ejaculation or spermarche. From that moment on, the testicles produce sperm continuously. However, testicular activity decreases, generally with age, as testosterone levels decrease. This process is called andropause. Acrosome: helps the sperm enter outer layer of the egg Mitochondrion: give energy to the sperm cell ... Middle piece Tail: give movement to the sperm cell ‹ ..................

The Journey of the Sperm Cell

The Journey of the Sperm Cell Semen: Liquid composed by prostatic fluid, sperms and is expel through the urethra. Sperm cells pass through different parts before reaching an egg cell to fertilise.

1. Testes

   Produce sperm

2. Epididymis

   Allows sperm to mature

3. Vas deferens

Fallopian Tubes 8 Fertilisation Uterus 7 Cervix 6 Vagina 5 4 Urethra Where mixing of fluids occur

Cowper's glands: Help to lubricate the urethra and neutralize acidity before ejaculation, facilitating the passage of sperm. Ejaculation

Female Reproductive Organs

Fallopian Tubes and Fertilization

Female Reproductive Organs Fallopian Tubes

• Tubes that connect to the ovaries by a wider section called the infundibulum.
• Here is where, if it takes place, the fertilisation occurs.
• Finally connected to the uterus.

Uterus: Implantation and Growth

Uterus

• Where a fertilised egg implants and grows into a fetus during pregnancy. Walls made of a thick layer of smooth muscle called myometrium. Internally covered by a endometrium, with many blood vessels.

Cervix Function

Cervix Allows menstrual blood to flow from the uterus and serves as a pathway for sperm to enter the uterus.

Ovary: Egg and Hormone Production

Ovary Production of female gamets (egg).

• Suspended by small ligaments.
• Formed of medulla (inner part) and cortex (outer part).
• Cortex with follicles that produce eggs. They produce hormones (oestrogens and progesterone).

Vagina: Reproduction and Childbirth

Vagina

• Receives the penis during sexual reproduction, allows the menstrual blood to exit the body, and lets the baby passes through during childbirth.

• The opening is partially covered by a membrane called hymen.

Female Reproductive System Components

Gonads: Ovaries

S Female Reproductive System Gonads They are the glands that have the function of providing genital differentiation between human beings Ovaries

Genital Tract Organs

Genital tract Organs of the reproductive system

• Fallopian tubes

• Uterus Vagina

External Genitalia

External genitalia Vulva

• Clitoris 0

Oogenesis: Formation of Female Gametes

https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=b8qxYjT6iAk Oogenesis Formation of female gametes (eggs) Inside the follicles. Each follicle contains an oocyte that matures to become an egg. Oogenesis starts when girls reach menarche (their first period) during adolescence. It continues until the menopause, when the ovaries stop working. Oocytes mature to become eggs in a cyclical process called the ovarian cycle. Typically, the two ovaries alternate in releasing an egg each month. Follicles with immature oocytes inside Blood vessels Corpus luteum Follicle with a mature oocyte inside The mature oocyte exists the ovary

Egg Cell Structure

XXX Egg Cell Immature follicles Oocytes in developing follicles Egg C Follicle ruptures Nucleus: Contain 23 chromosomes (half). Zona pellucida Protective membrane in the middle. Corona radiata: Protective outside membrane with follicular cells that nourish the egg. Vitelline membrane: Inner protective membrane.

Puzzle Time: Identifying Reproductive System Parts

Puzzle Time! Let's try correctly identifying all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems. A ? D - . B C E F G H J IANSWER KEY Puzzle Time! Vas deferens Oviduct Ovary Urethra Prostate Uterus Vagina Testes Penis Cervix

Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle

Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle The ovarian and menstrual cycles are linked. They starts at puberty, so the oocytes can continue their development and the uterus can get ready for a possible pregnancy. They are both regulated by hormones. They occur approximately every 28 days if no fertilization has occurred.

• Ovarian cycle: set of changes that occur in the ovary so that the oocyte can mature and the egg can be produced and released from the ovary.

• Menstrual cycle: set of changes that occur in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for implantation of the embryo.

xxx Ix. X' X' X' X' X' XXX

Stages of the Ovarian Cycle

Menstruation Phase

Menstruation Lining of the uterus is shed, resulting in the release of blood and tissue from the body through the vagina.

Luteal Phase

Luteal Phase If fertilisation has not taken place, on day 28 the woman starts her period. The broken follicle transforms to become the corpus luteum. LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.

1 5 6 7 8 2 1 28 11 27 12 26 13 25 14 24 15 23 16 22 17 21 18 20 19

Follicular Phase

Follicular Phase The pituitary gland produces FSH (follicle- stimulating hormone), which stimulates the ovaries, resulting in the maturation of a follicle and the oocyte it contains. 9 As the follicle grows, it starts to produce oestrogens.

Ovulation Phase

10 Ovulation Phase Levels of FSH and oestrogens are at their highest. The pituitary gland starts to release LH (luteinising hormone), causing the mature follicle to rupture and release an egg into the fallopian tubes. Woman is fertile. Stages of the Ovarian Cycle 4 3

Menstrual Cycle Phases

Menstruation: First Day of Cycle

Menstrual Cycle Menstruation: Starts on the first day of the cycle and lasts between five and seven days.

• If fertilization has not taken place during the previous cycle, the corpus luteum breaks down in the ovary and stops producing progesterone. This causes the endometrium to break away from the uterus and the woman has a period. The endometrium comes out dragging the oocyte.

• If fertilization has taken place, the embryo will produce a hormone very similar to LH so that the corpus luteum can still produces more hormones. In this case, there won't be a period (or menstruation). The oocyte is fertilized and finish oogenesis.

Proliferative Phase

Proliferative Phase: Begins when menstruation ends and lasts until ovulation. The oestrogens produced by the ovarian follicle stimulate the endometrium in the uterus, causing it to thicken and increase the number of blood vessels. 77777

Secretory Phase

Secretory Phase: Starts after ovulation and continues until the start of the next period. Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum causes maximum thickening of the endometrium, preparing it for possible implantation of a fertilized egg. leeX

Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle Hormones

Menstrual and Ovarian Cycle 1 2 3 O Ovarian cycle Follicle matures Follicle released Corpus luteum breaks down FSH Oestradiol (oestrogen) Menstruation br period Ovulation Endometrium thickens LH Progesterone Menstrual cycle 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Days A B C I