Unit 5: The First World War and the Russian Revolutions

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UNIT 5: "THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONS" Pascual Cortés Marqueño - p.cortes@colegioselvalle.es Geography and History - 4º ESO / 5° MYP DPT. Humanidades / Individuos y SociedadesEl Valle International Education College

Contents of the Unit

1. The First World War 1914 - 1918
   1. Causes of the conflict
   2. The alliances
   3. The development of the war
   4. Consequences of the war
   5. Peace: the Treaty of Versailles
2. The Russian Revolutions: 1905-1917
   1. Czarist Russia
   2. The Revolution of February 1917
   3. The first revolutionary government
3. The Soviet Union: from Lenin to Stalin
   1. The Russian Civil War (1918-1920)
   2. The New Economic Policy- NEP
   3. The Stalin era

The First World War Overview

At the beginning of the 20th century, economic, colonial and national rivalry led to increased tension between European states. An arms race began that eventually led to the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918). This was a new type of conflict that involved many different countries. It mobilised not only armies but also civilians, and brought widespread death and destruction. The Russian Empire's participation in the war led to a two-phase revolution in 1917 that brought tsarist autocracy to an end and established the world's first socialist state.

Military Spending 1905-1914

marks (in billions) 3.5 1905 1914 3.0 2.5 3 244 2.0 1286 1063 1257 1640 1.5 854 1834 938 1.0 555 740 0.5 0 France Russia Germany Great Britain Austria- HungaryEl Valle International Education College

Causes of War in Europe 1914

WHY DID WAR BREAK OUT IN EUROPE IN 1914? From the end of the 19th century, and especially during the first decade of the 20th century, increased tensions between the major European powers led to a period of 'armed peace' that eventually resulted in the First World War. What economic, national and colonial rivalries led to conflicts between countries and encouraged an arms race and the creation of two rival alliances? What interests led to the outbreak of war?

Franco-German Border 1871-1919

LUXEMBOURG GERMANY Saar · Metz Rhine Strasbourg . FRANCE · Nancy ALSACE LORRAINE Colmar Épinal · Mulhouse territory ceded by France to Germany SWITZERLAND Franco-German border from 1871 to 1919 C I.C.L. GERMANY RhineEl Valle International Education College

Causes of the Conflict

• Hostilities between France and Germany
  • During the process of German unification, the Prussians had defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and seized the territories of Alsace-Lorraine.
• Rivalry and competition > strong rivalry between the British and German empires over economic control of Europe and its trade routes. Some European peoples had nationalist aspirations and wanted to become independent states, while others defended their status as great traditional empires.
• Berlin Conference (1885) > tried to establish rules for the colonisation of the African continent by European Empires
  • German Empire the last to join the colonial race reopened the conflicts and tensions . At the beginning of the 20th century, Morocco was the main scene of international tension, as European powers competed to control it. The possibility of war was constantly present.

1 The assassination of the austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered the First World WarEl Valle International Education College

Further Causes of Conflict

BOSNIE URQUIÉ

• Each power tried to protect its interests by seeking alliances with other nations. No forum for debate or international organisation was created to discuss conflicts between states.
• Countries began to manufacture new weapons on an industrial scale > embarking on an uncontrollable arms race > mistrust between Great Powers
• The Balkan Wars
  • As the Ottoman Empire was in a state of collapse, the Austro- Hungarian Empire was planning to gain power over the Balkans. However, Serbia and Russia also wanted to increase their influence there, and to occupy the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits, which would give them control over the Mediterranean Sea.
  • The annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary (1908) increased tensions in the Balkans, which would result in the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913. Serbia allied with Russia and emerged as the victor. As Serbia was clearly becoming stronger, Austria-Hungary, fearing a general Slav uprising while under its control, looked to the Germans for support.

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The Berlin Conference and Moroccan Crises

The Berlin Conference (1885) had tried to establish rules for the colonisation of the African continent by European empires. However, the rise of powers such as the German Empire, one of the last to join the colonial race, reopened conflicts between European countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, Morocco was the main scene of international tension, as European powers competed to control it. The possibility of war was constantly present.

The Moroccan Crises

In 1905, the German Empire offered to help Morocco against France, which wanted to establish a protectorate in the region. The Algeciras Conference (1906), which authorised a Franco-Spanish protectorate, forced the Germans to back down. In 1911, because of an uprising in southern Morocco, the Germans sent gunboats to the port of Agadir under the pretext of protecting German trade interests. France had Great Britain's support, but ceded Kamerun (present-day Cameroon) to the Germans.

A L'hôpital d'Algésiras NES PONS OFFICE Par Allah ! administré par l'un ou par l'autre, je n'en suis pas moins un « malade par persuation > 1 Le Petit Journal Le Petit Journal 5 Centimes SUPPLEMENT ILLUSTRE ABONNEMENTS Le Petit Journal Militaire, Maritimes, Colonial 10 part Le Supplement illustre ---- Le Petit Journal agricole, 5 mnt. ; Ein Monz & Petit Jamal, 10 ont. Le Petit Journal illustré de La Jeunesse. 10 cet. Dix-septième aunêu DIMANCHE 21 JANVIER 1906 Numero 180 A ALGÉSIRAS L'arrivée des ambassadeurs marocains à la ConférenceEl Valle International Education College

European Alliances and Arms Race

The Great Powers divided into two opposing military alliances in preparation for a possible confrontation.

• In 1882, the German Empire signed an agreement with Austria-Hungary and Italy, known as the Triple Alliance.
• France, fearing the Germans' military strength and expansion, allied with Russia and improved its relations with Britain, which had deteriorated due to colonial disputes. In 1907, these three powers signed a mutual aid pact, the Triple Entente.

The mistrust between the Great Powers also caused an arms race. The countries spent vast amounts of money on manufacturing new weapons, building warships and strengthening their armies. They all prepared themselves for war, which could be started by any future conflict. The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered the First World War, but the true causes of war had been developing for decades.

European Systems of Alliance

GREAT BRITAIN 907 RUSSIA 1904 1892 GERMANY 1873 FRANCE 1882 AUSTRIA- HUNGARY 1902 ITALY 190 member of the Triple Alliance -military agreements (with dates) member of the Triple Entente other agreements (with dates) European systems of alliance. "WE CANNOT STAND ASIDE." Svr. E. GHEF. BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIA FRANZ JOSEF I KAISER Y DESTEKRP TV. HONDO R. BELGIUM UNITED WE STANDEl Valle International Education College

Development of the War

Previous Events Leading to War

• On June 28th 1914-> the crown prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire > Franz Ferdinand Was assassinated in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian separatist. In response Austria threatened to annex Serbia Russia stood up in defence of Serbia. Germany attacked France through Belgium Great Britain decided to defend France Belgian neutral

Timeline to War Declaration

28 June 1914 assassination in Sarajevo 23 July Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia 30 July Russian mobilisation Austria-Hungary - Serbia (28 July) 31 July German ultimatum to Russia and France Germany - Russia (1 August) Germany - France (3 August) beginning of August German mobilisation French mobilisation Great Britain - Germany (4 August) invasion of Belgium Germany - Serbia (5 August) war (the country that declares war appears first)El Valle International Education College

War Extra! Newspaper Headlines

Werther Forvent The Washington Times HOME EDITION Weather Forecast The Washington Times SUNDAY EVENING EDITION WAR EXTRA! The Fuening octorto. WAR EXTRA! ["Circulation Books Onen to All." PRICE ONE CENT. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, AUGUST 1, 1914. 10 PAGES PRICE ONE CENT GERMANY DECLARES WAR: ALL EUROPE IS IN ARMS ST. PETERSBURG, Aug. 1-The German Ambassador, in the name of his Government, sent to the Rus- sian Minister of Foreign Affairs at 7.30 o'clock a declaration of war. The announcement is made by the St. Petersburg telegraph agency, which is considered the official news agency of Russia. RATE DECISION PROVES PARTIAL VICTORY FOR 52 EASTERN RAILROADS ATLANTIC LINERS PARALYZED IN BASEBALL ITALY BREAKS THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE; FRANCE CALLS OUT HER WAR ARMY NATIONAL LEAGUE CHICADAY PHILADELPHIA RUSH FOR PASSAGE 100002001-4 ILADELPHIA- 0 02020 -10 English Liners Refuse to Take Apleri, Magie and Kulfer, Any Passengers for Con- tinental Europe. ST. LOUIS_AT BOSTON. BOSTON- ......... TO KEEP AMERICAN Americase on the Continant and WILL ADD TO INCOMES. - GOLD AT HOME| -***** **** ****** * ** * ---- ----- AMERICAN LEAGUE. WASHINGTON, DETROIT, GERMANY DECLARES WAR DECLARED; ALL EUROPE IN TURMOIL WAR ON BELGIUM KAISER DECLARES WAR TREASURE SHIP FORMALLY ON FRANCE FRENCH FRONTIER POINTS NORTH SEA_ FINDS REFUGE FROM ENEMIES AT BAR HARBOR WAR DECLARATION HAIL OF SHOTS CHARGES CZ BROUGH BY ENGLAND WILL --- --- BY DUPLICITY NOW FOLLOW -- -- ---- --------- - ---- ------ FRA 3 MEN BREAK RULERS IN CRISIS, AND MAP WHICH MAY BE CHANGED JAIL AND RUN * AWAY UNDER A AUSTRIAN TROOPS ARE MOVING ON BELGRADE, EVACUATED BY SERBS Stor of Coins Which King Power --------- ------- --------- Servian King Shifta Capital to Mountains ILTRATIN CARED Kingdom Stake and WUMN CINZUM ICH HUS King Pawn in War BANK BOND WINES VILAS PILE 5 EXPLAINED AMAY AND LIONT OF STEP The partial partirsin of trasantiga- Shipping in caseing sowie dietry REGALA han ordered a complete mobilantion of her army in GERMANY uta codered a complete mobiltracion of her foross, asmi FRANCE has called to the colors every available ressens AUSTRIA already has bør cumplete atreegià in the frid. HCRVIA has called out every able-bodied m England Gives Formal Notice That She Will Side With France and Russia and Back Up Her Agree- ments to the Full Extent of Her Power and Resources. PARIS, Aug. 1 .- A crucial stage in the war alt- uation was reached to-night when the British Am- Ihasandar callad at the Flusss Palass and sladand GERMAN CRUISER SHELLS FRENCH BASE IN ALGERIA HOW TO SEND MONEY TO AMERICANS ABROAD GERMANY'S WAR ON BELGIUM JEERED IN BRITISH COMMONS GERMANY German Defi Brings Huge Demonstration in Paris 7,474,000 ANSWER FIRST CALL; 7 WARRING NATIONS CAN PUT 32,541,000 MEN IN THE FIELD Flat Horizonat Increase Is Re- BANKERS CONFER fused. But 5 Per Cent Grant- ed in Some Cases. Minker "Circulation Rooks Open in All."