Particle Model of Matter: Solids, Liquids, and Gases Explained

Particle Model of Matter Concepts

Particle model of matter . Model - a way of looking at something to explain concepts · Particle model of matter - model used to explain why solids, liquids and gases act in certain ways · Main points:

• All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules)
• The particles are always moving
• The particles have empty spaces between them
• Increasing the temperature of the substance will cause the particles to move/vibrate more and faster.
• The particles are attracted to each other

Matter and States

1Matter · Everything consists of matter · Matter has both a volume and mass · We get different states of matter:

• Solids
• Gases
• Liquids

Properties of Solids

2Solids · Particles are closely packed in orderly manner · Small spaces between particles · Particles only vibrate in place (very low kinetic energy) · Strong forces of attraction between particles · Definite volume and shape · Not compressible MakeAGIF.com

Properties of Liquids

3Liquids · Particles are still close to each other but is more loosely arranged - flows freely and can flow · Particles move faster (higher EK) than solids, but slower than gases · Slightly weaker forces of attraction than solids . Small spaces between particles, but bigger than with a solid · Definite volume, but changing shape · Slightly compressible

Properties of Gases

4Gases · Particles move randomly - no particular arrangement · Particles move quickly - high EK · Gases fill up their containers evenly due to their movement . Large spaces between particles - Low density · Very weak forces of attractions between particles · Changing shape and changing volume · Compressible

Diffusion of Particles

56Diffusion · When the particles of a liquid or gas move from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area with a low concentration . This will spread the particle evenly over time · Diffusion shows:

• There are spaces between particles through which other particles can move in order to spread
• Particles have kinetic energy and can move in between other particles
• Gas particles diffuse faster than liquid particles

Homework Exercise 2

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Phase Change Overview

9Phase change Sublimation Boiling / evaporation Melting Solid Liquid Gas Freezing Condensation Deposition

Changes During Phase Change

10Phase change . During a phase change, the following changes:

• The forces of attraction between the particles
• The size of the spaces between particles
• The kinetic energy of the particles · Temperature affects the phases of matter
• When heated - kinetic energy increases
• When cooled - kinetic energy decreases . The temp at which the phase change occur gives an indication of how strong the forces of attraction between the particles are

Temperature and Particle Movement

11What happens during a state change? A change in temperature causes the particles to change their movement Temperature increases · The kinetic energy of the particles increase - they move faster · The forces of attraction between the particles get weaker . The spaces between the particles get bigger • Until enough energy is absorbed to cause a state change due to weaker forces between particles (kinetic energy stays same) "Slanty bits" "Flat bits" Temperature decreases · The kinetic energy of the particles decrease - they move slower . The forces of attraction between the particles get stronger · The spaces between the particles get smaller · Until enough energy is released to cause a state change due to stronger forces between particles (kinetic energy stays same)

Boiling and Melting Points

12Gas Boiling - Temperature Boiling Point -Condensing Liquid Melting Point Melting-> + Freezing Solid Heat

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Mass and Volume Definitions

14Mass and volume . Mass = measure of the amount of matter a substance contains - Measured in kg or g · Volume = amount of space an object takes up - Solids and liquids have a fixed volume - Gases takes the volume of its container (changes) - Measured in m3, dm3, cm3 or mm3 - Volumes of irregularly shaped object can be measured using water displacement

Measuring Mass

15How do I measure the mass of a substance?

• Digital scale
• Triple beam balance

Measuring Volume of Regular Objects

16How do I measure the volume of an object? · Regularly shaped object - Measure the length, breadth and height - Use Volume = length x breadth x height length width height Samples

Measuring Volume of Irregular Objects

17How do I measure the volume of a substance? · Irregularly shaped substance - Use displacement of water method 60.5 mL 50.0 mL Green jade sample

Mass and Volume Conversions

18Conversions · Mass: - 1 kg = 1000 g · Volume: - 1 cm3 = 1 ml - 1 dm3 = 1 l - 1 l = 1000 ml 1,000 grams kilograms ×1,000

Density Definition

19Density · Density is the ratio of mass to volume . Definition: the density of a substance is the quantity of mass in a specific volume of a substance OR The density of a substance is its mass per volume unit

Density Formula

20Formula of density · Density = mass / Volume · p = density (g.cm-3) or in (kg.m-3) · m= mass (g) or in (kg) · V = volume (cm3) or (m3)

Density Formula Visual

21p Density Formula m V www.inchcalculator.comYou've got to LOVE your Density !!!

Density Examples

231 cm 3 Foam 0.03g 3 1 cm Diamond 3.5g 3 1 cm Iron 7.8g

Calculate Mass and Volume

24Calculate: 5 cm Mass = 200g 4 cm 6 cm

Calculate Irregular Solid Volume

25Calculate 90 90 80 80 -70 -70 60 .60 Irregular Solid -50 Eye 50 40 40 30 -30 20 20 39.21g -10 10 Electronic Balance 26 Measuring Cylinder EyeCalculate Iron has a density of 7,87 g.cm -3. 1) What is the mass of the block? 2 cm 2 cm 50 cm 2) A different iron block has a mass of 584 g. What is its volume? 3) The block in question 2 has a length of 5 cm and breadth of 7 cm. What is its height?

Factors Affecting Density

27Density . Liquids and solids have a fixed density · Gases can have different densities - depends on the number of gas particles present in the specific volume · Density depends on:

• The mass of the particles out of which it consists
• The size of the gaps between the particles
• The strength of the forces (binding force) between the particles of the substance

Phases of Matter and Density

28The different phases of matter and density 0

Density Column Example

29Vegetable Oil Water 4With feit coloring) Dish Soap Corn Syrup Honey

Ice Density Anomaly

30Why is ice less dense than water?

Substance Density Table

313 SUBSTANCE DENSITY ( G/CM ) AIR 0.0013 WOOD (OAK) 0.85 WATER 1.00 ICE 0.93 ALUMINUM 2.7 LEAD 11.3 GOLD 19.3 ETHANOL 0.94 METHANOL 0.79

Temperature's Effect on Density

32How would a change in temperature affect density? Temperature increases · The kinetic energy of the particles increase - they move faster · The forces of attraction between the particles get weaker · The spaces between the particles get bigger · The density decreases (same mass, but takes up bigger volume) Temperature decreases · The kinetic energy of the particles decrease - they move slower · The forces of attraction between the particles get stronger · The spaces between the particles get smaller · Density increases (same mass, but the volume decreased) Hot/cold water

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Expansion and Contraction

34Expansion and contraction · When a substance (liquid, solid or gas) is heated, it takes up more space = expansion · When a substance (liquid, solid or gas) is cooled, it takes up less space = contraction

Analyzing Contraction and Expansion

35Contraction and expansion · Always ask yourself: - If the substance heated / cooled? - How does the temp change affect the kinetic energy of particles? - How are the forces between the particles affected? - How do the spaces between the particles change? - Will the substance expand / contract?

Temperature Effects on Object Size

36Expansion or contraction? Temperature increases · The kinetic energy of the particles increase - they move faster · The forces of attraction between the particles get weaker · The spaces between the particles get bigger · The object expands (takes up more space, but same mass) Temperature decreases · The kinetic energy of the particles decrease - they move slower · The forces of attraction between the particles get stronger · The spaces between the particles get smaller · The object contracts (takes up less space, but has same mass)

Real-World Expansion Examples

37"℃ 1 *F 130 130 30 F 8 2 = 20 Fixed end Girder C C Witry is the one end of a steel girder bridge not fixed? Ball and ring

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Gas Pressure Principles

39Gas pressure · Due to gas particles moving in a container, it will exert pressure . The pressure is due to collisions of the particles with the inside of the container and with each other - Force exerted in a specific area = pressure · Gas pressure is affected by: - The number of collisions per second of the particles with the inside of the container - The force of the collisions · How to increase the pressure: - Increase the number of gas particles in the container - Increase the temperature of the gas in the container - Decrease the volume of the container balloons

Factors Increasing Gas Pressure

40How did the pressure change? Temperature increased: - Particles gain kinetic energy and move faster - The collisions with inside of the container increases in frequency and force - Gas pressure increases Adding more particles: - If there are more particles, the number of collisions with the inside of the container increases - More force exerted - Gas pressure increases You must be able to do it for a decrease in temperature and for less particles too!You must be able to do it for a bigger volume too! How did the gas pressure change? The container's volume get smaller: - Same number of particles but the space in which they move is now smaller - More collisions occur with the inside of the container - Gas pressure increases Gas Pressure Gas Molecules Volume 1 Volume 2 1 2 2 T1 <T2 P1 < P2 n and V are constant - Combining the two gases O O D P, P2 PTotal= P1 + P2 Volume and temperature are constant

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