Pharmacology of Biocontrol and Reproduction Systems

Document about Pharmacology of Biocontrol and Reproduction Systems. The Pdf provides detailed notes on the pharmacology of the autonomic and reproductive systems, covering adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, catecholamine synthesis, and reproductive hormones. It is suitable for university-level Biology students.

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Pharmacology of Biocontrol and Reproduction
Systems
Exam 40%
Caso 30% à Simulator antiepileptic
Activities 30%
Introduction to CNS and PNS pharmacology week 1
Anatomic division:
1. Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system: nerves from senses, nerves to muscle (both systems
work together)
a. Somatic (voluntary): skin and skeletal muscles
b. Autonomic (involuntary): internal organs à Enteric
i. Sympathetic: Controls organs in times of stress.
àThoracolumbar. Origins in the thoracic & lumbar
regions of spinal cord (T1-12 & L1-2)
ii. Parasympathetic: Controls organs when body is at
rest. Craniosacral àOriginates from cranial nerve
(3,7,8,10) and sacral spinal nerves S2,3,4
Somatic system
- One motor neuron extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
- Axons are well myelinated
- Conduct impulses rapidly
Cause of demyelination:
- Inammatory processes
- Viral demyelination
- Metabolic derangements
- Hypoxic-ischemic demyelination
- Fo ca l co mp re s si o n
- Multiple sclerosis
- Acute encephalomyelitis
Autonomic nervous system:
- Chain of two motor neurons
o Pre à Ach for both branches
o Post à sympathetic à norepinephrine
Parasympathetic à Ach
o Preganglionic neuron (shorter) ACh à Nicotine receptor
(Ganglion) à Norepinephrine
o Postganglionic neuron (longer) ACh à Ganglion àAch
- Condition is slower due to thin or un-myelinated axons
- ACTIVATED by CENTER located in the SPINAL CORD BRAIN STEM,
HYPOTHALAMUS, CEREBRAL CORTEX (limbic)
- OPERATES by VISCERAL REFLEXES. Subconscious sensory signals from a
visceral organ enter the autonomic GANGLIA, BRAIN STEM or
HYPOTHALAMUS and then return subconscious reex responses directly back
to the visceral organ to control its activities.
Subdivision
Nerves
employed
Location of ganglia
Chemical
messenger
General function
S
Thoracolumbar
Alongside vertebral
column
Norepinephrine
Fight or ight
P
Craniosacral
On or near an
eector organ
Acetylcholine
Conservation of
body energy
** Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are consists of myelinated pre-ganglionic bers.
Preganglionic neurons
o Cell body in brain or spinal cord
o Axon is myelinated type ber that extends to autonomic ganglion
Postganglionic neuron
o Cell body lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion
o Axon is unmyelinated type ber that terminates in visceral eector.
CNSà to à Eects in peripheral organ systems:
- Control heart rate and force of contraction
- Constriction and dilation of blood vessels à α 1
- Contraction and relaxion of smooth muscles
- Visual accommodation
- Secretions from exocrine and endocrine glands
Functions of s and p system
!
α2: preganglionic neuron
B1 heart
B2: lungs
B3 adipose tissue
Sympathetic:
- Hypothalamus à act symp àact adrenal medulla à epi o nore
- Fight or ight
- E situations: Emergency, embarrassment, excitement, exercise
- Long postganglionic bers and highly branched
- Activate directly the adrenal medulla:
o 80% releases norepinephrine
o 20% epinephrine
§ Goes to the bloodstream
Parasympathetic
- Rest and digest systemà conserve and restore energy
o Reduction heart rate, blood pressure, facilitates digestion,
absorption of nutrients à excretion of waste products
- Shor postganglionic bers and few branches
- Ach pre and post ganglionic synapses.
- 3 decreases: heart, diameter airways and pupil. Massive activation: loss of control
over urination and defecation.
Ach
- Nicotinic: autonomic ganglia at the synapses between pre-ganglionic and post of
both
- Muscarinic in all eector cells that are stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic
neurons of either the para or symp system.
Ty p e s o f r e ce p t or s :
- Ligand gated ions channels (cholinergic) à ionotropic receptors
o GABA
o Glycine
o Aspartate
o Glutamate
o Acetylcholine
o Serotonin
G protein coupled receptors (adrenergic) ABAJO
- Ligand- regulated transmembrane enzymes including receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Cytokines receptors
- Intracellular receptors
Catecholamine synthesis:
G protein coupled receptors (adrenergic)à Adrenergic Agents
- Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
- AKA: adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics
o Mimic the eects of the SNS neurotransmitters: NE & EPI
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS:
- Located throughout the body
o Are receptors for the sympathetic neurotransmitters
o Alpha
à
NE
o Beta
à
EPI
- Ophthalmic: Relieving conjunctival congestion
o epinephrine naphazoline
o phenylephrine
o tetrahydrozoline
- Va s o a c t iv e s y m p a t h o mi m e t i c s / ca r d i o s el e c t iv e s y m p a t h om i m e t i c s
o Dobutamine, dopamine, ephedrine, epinephrine
o fenoldopam, isoproterenol, methoxamine
o norepinephrine, phenylephrine
- Reduction of intraocular pressure and mydriasis: open-angle glaucoma
o Epinephrine and dipivefrin
R
Smooth
muscle
contraction
Localization
A1
Smooth muscle, heart,
liver
A2
Platelets, vascular
smooth muscle, nerve
termini, pancreatic islets
B1
Heart
B2
Relax
Lungs, gastro, liver,
uterus, vascular smooth
muscle, skeletal m
B3
Relax
Fat ce lls (adipose)
- Nasal decongestant: Intranasal à constriction of dilated arterioles and reduction
nasal blood ow
o Ephedrine naphazoline, phenylephrine, tetrahydrixoline
- Anorexiants: diets in the short-term of obesity
o Benzaphetamine, phentermine, dextroamphetamine, Dexedrine
- Bronchodilators: treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Stimulate beta adrenergic.
o Albuterol, ephedrine, epinephrine, isoetharine, metaproterenol,
salmeterol, terbutaline, levalbuterol, isoproterenol
Adrenergic Agonists
A1
Phenylephrine
Nasal congestion, hypotension
Midodrine
Orthostatic hypotension
A2
Clonide
Hypertension, ADHD, withdrawal
symptoms
Methyldopa
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
B1
- Increased contractility, mobility àDobutamine (Heart failure, cardiogenic
shock)
B2 agonists
Albuterol
Asthma, COPD
Te rb u ta li ne
bronchospasm, preterm labor
prevention
B3 agonists
- Mirabegron à overactive bladder
B1 & 2: Isoproterenol à Increase bradycardia, asthma
NON-SELECTIVE Adrenergic agonists
Clonide
a1, a2, B1, B2
Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, bronchospasm
Methyldopa
a1, a2, B1
Shock, hypotension
Dopamine
D1, B1, a1,
Shock, heart failure
Adrenergic side effects
ALPHA
CNS
Headache, restlessness, excitement, insomnia, euphoria
Cardiovascular
Palpitations, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension
Others
Hyperglycemia, anorexia, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, taste
changes (rare)
BETA
CNS
Mild tremors, headache, nervousness, dizziness
Cardiovascular
Increased heart rate, palpitations, uctuations in BP
Others
Sweating, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps
______________________________________________________________________________
Adrenergic Blocking Agents/Antagonists / Sympatholytic
- Bind to adrenergic receptors
- Inhibit or block stimulation of SNS
- Opposite eect of adrenergic agents
- CAUSE: arterial and venous dilation à reduces vascular resistance and BP
- USE: Hypertension
- Eect on receptor on prostate gland and bladder decreased resistance to urinary
outow, thus reducing urinary outow, thus reducing urinary obstruction
and relieving eects of BPH
A1
Prazosin
A2
Yoh im bin e
Nonselective
Irreversible: phenoxybenzamine
Reversible (1, 2): phentolamine
B1
Atenolol
B2
Butoxamine
Nonselective
Propranolol
A1 antagonists
Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
Hypertension, BPH
Tam sul os in
BPH
Nonselective B- blockers: can block B1 or B 2
Propranolol
Hypertension, migraines, anxiety
Timolol
Glaucoma, hypertension
Selective: block b1
Metoprolol, Atenolol, Esmolol
Hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias
Mixed a and B
Labetalol
Hypertension, emergencies
Carvedilol
Heart failure, hypertension
Beta Blockers: Mechanism of action
- Cardio selective B1
- Decrease heart rate
- Prolongs SA node recovery
- Slow conduction rate through the AV node
- Decreases myocardial contractility, thus decreasing myocardial oxygen demand.
Therapeutics uses:
- Anti-angina: decreases demand for myocardial oxygen
- Cardioprotective: inhibits stimulation by circulating catecholamines
- Class II antidysrhythmic
- Antihypertensive
- Treatment of migraine headaches
- Glaucoma (topical use)
Side eects:
- Hypotension, fatigue, tachycardia, lethargy, bradycardia, depression, heart block,
insomnia, CHF, nightmares
______________________________________________________________________________
Cholinergic Drugs
- Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
o The PSNS is the opposing system to the sympathetic
- Also known as cholinergic agonists or parasympathomimetic
- Mimic eects of the PSN neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS:
- Tw o t y pe s , d e t er m in e d b y:
o Location
o Action once is stimulated
- Nicotinic receptors
- Muscarinic receptors
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS:
- Located in the ganglia of both the PSNS and SNS
- Named nicotinic because they can be stimulated by the alkaloid nicotine.
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS:
- Located postsynaptically in the eector organ of the PSNS
o Smooth muscle
o Cardiac muscle
o Glands
- Named muscarinic because they can be stimulated by the alkaloid muscarine.
Cholinergic Drugs mechanisms of action:
- Direct acting
o Bind to cholinergic receptors, activating them
- Indirect acting
o Inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which breaks
down Ach
o Results in more Ach available at the receptors
Cholinergic neurotransmission:
- Synthesis: choline acetyl transferase
- Storage: vesicles
- Release: Na+, Ca 2+
Receptor activation:
- Musc/Nic
Te rm in at io n of Ac ti on :
- Acetyl cholinesterase
- Reversible inhibitors: Neostigmine, pyridostigmine
- Irreversible inhibitors: Echothiopate, organophosphates
Indirect acting
- Reversible: bind to cholinesterase for a period of minutes to hours
- Irreversible: bind to cholinesterase and form a permanent covalent bond. They
body must make new cholinesterase to break these bonds.
Pharmacological eects:
Cardiovascular system
Decrease heart rate, force, small or no change in blood
pressure.
GI tract
Increased motility, increased digestive secretions, atulence,
cramps, defecation
Eyes
Miosis, increase accommodation for near vision, increased
then decreased intraocular pressure.
Respiratory tract
Increased bronchial tome, increase mucosal secretions
Central Nervous system
Increase alternes, convulsions, seizures, coma.
Neuromuscular junction
Increased muscle strengths, fasciculations, ataxia, tremors.

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Pharmacology Examination and Activities

Exam 40% Caso 30% -> Simulator antiepileptic Activities 30%

Introduction to CKS and PNS Pharmacology

Anatomic Division of the Nervous System

  1. Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system: nerves from senses, nerves to muscle (both systems work together)
    1. Somatic (voluntary): skin and skeletal muscles
    2. Autonomic (involuntary): internal organs -> Enteric
      1. Sympathetic: Controls organs in times of stress. >Thoracolumbar. Origins in the thoracic & lumbar regions of spinal cord (T1-12 & L1-2)
      2. Parasympathetic: Controls organs when body is at rest. Craniosacral ->Originates from cranial nerve (3,7,8,10) and sacral spinal nerves S2,3,4

Somatic System Functions

  • Rest and digest system-> conserve and restore energy
    • Reduction heart rate, blood pressure, facilitates digestion, absorption of nutrients -> excretion of waste products
  • Shor postganglionic fibers and few branches
  • Ach pre and post ganglionic synapses.

3 decreases: heart, diameter airways and pupil. Massive activation: loss of control over urination and defecation.

Acetylcholine Receptors

Ach Nicotinic: autonomic ganglia at the synapses between pre-ganglionic and post of both Muscarinic in all effector cells that are stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the para or symp system.

Types of Receptors

Ligand gated ions channels (cholinergic) -> ionotropic receptors

  • GABA
  • Glycine
  • Aspartate
  • Glutamate
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin

G protein coupled receptors (adrenergic) ABAJO Ligand- regulated transmembrane enzymes including receptor Tyrosine Kinases Cytokines receptors Intracellular receptors

Catecholamine Synthesis

Synthesis . Tyrosine -+ L-dopa; catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase · L-dopa -+ dopamine; catalyzed by dopa decarboxylase · Dopamine -+ norepinephrine; catalyzed by ₿ hydroxylase · Norepinephrine -+ epinephrine; catalyzed by phenylethanolamine-N- methyltransferase (PNMT); only in adrenal medulla

Adrenergic Agents and Receptors

G Protein Coupled Receptors (Adrenergic)

  • Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. AKA: adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics
    • Mimic the effects of the SNS neurotransmitters: NE & EPI

Adrenergic Receptors Location and Action

Located throughout the body

  • Are receptors for the sympathetic neurotransmitters
  • Alpha -> NE
  • Beta -> EPI
RLocalizationAction
A1Smooth muscle, heart, liverVasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contraction, mydriasis, BP
A2Platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini, pancreatic isletsmuscle contraction
B1HeartLipolysis, myocardial contract, more renin
B2Lungs, gastro, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, skeletal mRelax
B3Fat cells (adipose)Relax

Adrenergic Receptors Summary

(A) Adrenergic Receptors Alpha-1 Alpha-2 Beta- Beta-2 · Vasoconstriction Inhibits Norepinephrine T Heart Rate Vasodilation · t Peripheral Resistance Release T Lipolysis .. 4 Peripheral Resistance (blood flow) + Inhibits Acetylcholine Release T Myocardial yocare Bronchodilation · Mydriasis * Inhibits Insulin Release + fRenin . f Glycogenolysis (muscle, liver) · T Closure Bladder Sphincters

Adrenergic Agent Applications

Ophthalmic: Relieving conjunctival congestion

  • epinephrine naphazoline
  • phenylephrine
  • tetrahydrozoline

Vasoactive sympathomimetics/ cardio selective sympathomimetics

  • Dobutamine, dopamine, ephedrine, epinephrine
  • fenoldopam, isoproterenol, methoxamine
  • norepinephrine, phenylephrine

Reduction of intraocular pressure and mydriasis: open-angle glaucoma

  • Epinephrine and dipivefrin

Demyelination Causes

Inflammatory processes Viral demyelination Metabolic derangements

  • Hypoxic-ischemic demyelination
  • Focal compression Multiple sclerosis Acute encephalomyelitis

Autonomic Nervous System Details

Autonomic Nervous System Neurotransmitters

Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic

  • Pre -> Ach for both branches Post -> sympathetic -> norepinephrine
  • Parasympathetic -> Ach
  • Preganglionic neuron (shorter) ACh -> Nicotine receptor (Ganglion) -> Norepinephrine
  • Postganglionic neuron (longer) ACh -> Ganglion >Ach

Condition is slower due to thin or un-myelinated axons

Autonomic Nervous System Activation and Operation

  • ACTIVATED by CENTER located in the SPINAL CORD BRAIN STEM, HYPOTHALAMUS, CEREBRAL CORTEX (limbic)
  • OPERATES by VISCERAL REFLEXES. Subconscious sensory signals from a visceral organ enter the autonomic GANGLIA, BRAIN STEM or HYPOTHALAMUS and then return subconscious reflex responses directly back to the visceral organ to control its activities.

Autonomic Nervous System Subdivision Comparison

SubdivisionNerves employedLocation of gangliaChemical messengerGeneral function
SThoracolumbarAlongside vertebral columnNorepinephrineFight or flight
PCraniosacralOn or near an effector organAcetylcholineConservation of body energy

** Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are consists of myelinated pre-ganglionic fibers.

  • Preganglionic neurons
    • Cell body in brain or spinal cord
    • Axon is myelinated type fiber that extends to autonomic ganglion
  • Postganglionic neuron
    • Cell body lies outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion
    • Axon is unmyelinated type fiber that terminates in visceral effector.

CNS Effects in Peripheral Organ Systems

CNS-> to -> Effects in peripheral organ systems: Control heart rate and force of contraction Constriction and dilation of blood vessels -> x 1 Contraction and relaxion of smooth muscles Visual accommodation Secretions from exocrine and endocrine glands

Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

StructureSympathetic StimulationParasympathetic Stimulation
Iris (eyePupil dilationPupil constriction
Salivary GlandsSaliva production reducedSaliva production increased
Oral/Nasal MucosaMucus production reducedMucus production increased
HeartHeart rate and force increasedHeart rate and force decreased
LungBronchial muscle relaxedBronchial muscle contracted
StomachPeristalsis reducedGastric juice secreted; motility increased
Small IntesMotility reducedDigestion increased
Large IntesMotility reducedSecretions and motility increased
LiverIncreased conversion of glycogen to glucose
KidneyDecreased urine secretionIncreased urine secretion
BladderWall relaxed Sphincter closedWall contracted Sphincter relaxed

a2: preganglionic neuron B1 heart ALPHA 1 ALPHA 2 BETA BETA 2 BETA 3 B2: lungs B5 adipose tissue

Sympathetic System Characteristics

Sympathetic: Hypothalamus -> act symp -> act adrenal medulla -> epi o nore Fight or flight E situations: Emergency, embarrassment, excitement, exercise Long postganglionic fibers and highly branched Activate directly the adrenal medulla:

  • 80% releases norepinephrine
  • 20% epinephrine
    • Goes to the bloodstream

Parasympathetic System Characteristics

Parasympathetic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 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One motor ter neuron extends from the CNS to the skeletal muscle Axons are well myelinated Conduct impulses rapidly

Cause of demyelination:

  • Smooth Platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, Inhibition nore, Ach and insulin release

Vasodilation, less periph resist, bronchodilation, glycogenesis, glucagon release, relaxes uterine muscles

secretos Terbutaline, Levalbuterol B3 Adipose Those activates Adenyl HO - NE > Ep Increase Ipolysis Isapraterenof, SR59230 NE: Norepinephrine, Epi: Epinephrine and Iso: Isoproterenol

Adrenergic Agonists Table

Adrenergic Agonists
A1PhenylephrineNasal congestion, hypotension
MidodrineOrthostatic hypotension
A2ClonideHypertension, ADHD, withdrawal symptoms
MethyldopaPregnancy-induced hypertension
BIncreased contractility, mobility
Dobutamine (Heart failure, cardiogenic shock)
B2 agonistsAlbuterolAsthma, COPD
Terbutalinebronchospasm, preterm labor prevention
B3 agonistsMirabegron -> overactive bladder
B1 & 2: Isoproterenol -> Increase bradycardia, asthma

Non-Selective Adrenergic Agonists

NON-SELECTIVE Adrenergic agonists Clonide a1, a2, B1, B2 Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, bronchospasm Methyldopa a1, a2, B1 Shock, hypotension Dopamine D1, B1, a1, Shock, heart failure

Adrenergic Side Effects

ALPHA CNS Headache, restlessness, excitement, insomnia, euphoria Cardiovascular Palpitations, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, hypertension Others Hyperglycemia, anorexia, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, taste changes (rare) BETA CNS Mild tremors, headache, nervousness, dizziness Cardiovascular Increased heart rate, palpitations, fluctuations in BP Others Sweating, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps

Adrenergic Blocking Agents

Adrenergic Blocking Agents Overview

Adrenergic Blocking Agents/Antagonists / Sympatholytic Bind to adrenergic receptors Inhibit or block stimulation of SNS Opposite effect of adrenergic agents

  • CAUSE: arterial and venous dilation -> reduces vascular resistance and BP
  • USE: Hypertension

Effect on receptor on prostate gland and bladder decreased resistance to urinary outflow, thus reducing urinary outflow, thus reducing urinary obstruction and relieving effects of BPH

Adrenergic Blocking Agents Table

A1Prazosin
A2Yohimbine
NonselectiveIrreversible: phenoxybenzamine
Reversible (1, 2): phentolamine
B1Atenolol
B2Butoxamine
NonselectivePropranolol

Alpha-1 Antagonists

A1 antagonists Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin Hypertension, BPH Tamsulosin BPH

Beta-Blockers

Nonselective B- blockers: can block B1 or B 2 Propranolol Hypertension, migraines, anxiety Timolol Glaucoma, hypertension Selective: block b1 Metoprolol, Atenolol, Esmolol Hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias Mixed a and B Labetalol Hypertension, emergencies Carvedilol Heart failure, hypertension

Beta Blockers Mechanism of Action

  • Cardio selective B1 Decrease heart rate Prolongs SA node recovery
  • Slow conduction rate through the AV node
  • Decreases myocardial contractility, thus decreasing myocardial oxygen demand.

Beta Blockers Therapeutic Uses

Therapeutics uses: Anti-angina: decreases demand for myocardial oxygen

  • Cardioprotective: inhibits stimulation by circulating catecholamines Class II antidysrhythmic Antihypertensive Treatment of migraine headaches
  • Glaucoma (topical use)

Beta Blockers Side Effects

Side effects:

  • Hypotension, fatigue, tachycardia, lethargy, bradycardia, depression, heart block, insomnia, CHF, nightmares

Cholinergic Drugs

Cholinergic Drugs Overview

Cholinergic Drugs Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

  • The PSNS is the opposing system to the sympathetic Also known as cholinergic agonists or parasympathomimetic Mimic effects of the PSN neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)

Cholinergic Receptors

CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS:

  • Nicotinic receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS:

  • Located in the ganglia of both the PSNS and SNS
  • Named nicotinic because they can be stimulated by the alkaloid nicotine.

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS: Located postsynaptically in the effector organ of the PSNS

  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Glands Named muscarinic because they can be stimulated by the alkaloid muscarine.

Cholinergic Drugs Mechanisms of Action

Cholinergic Drugs mechanisms of action: Direct acting

  • Bind to cholinergic receptors, activating them Indirect acting
  • Inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which breaks down Ach Results in more Ach available at the receptors

Cholinergic Neurotransmission

Cholinergic neurotransmission:

  • Synthesis: choline acetyl transferase
  • Storage: vesicles Release: Na+, Ca 2+
  • Receptor activation:
  • Musc/Nic Termination of Action:
  • Acetyl cholinesterase
  • Reversible inhibitors: Neostigmine, pyridostigmine Irreversible inhibitors: Echothiopate, organophosphates

Indirect acting Reversible: bind to cholinesterase for a period of minutes to hours Irreversible: bind to cholinesterase and form a permanent covalent bond. They body must make new cholinesterase to break these bonds.

Cholinergic Pharmacological Effects

Pharmacological effects: Cardiovascular system Decrease heart rate, force, small or no change in blood pressure. GI tract Increased motility, increased digestive secretions, flatulence, cramps, defecation Eyes Miosis, increase accommodation for near vision, increased then decreased intraocular pressure. Respiratory tract Increased bronchial tome, increase mucosal secretions

Receptor Tissue Distribution and Mechanism

MethoxamintPrazosinPre-synaptic terminal, Ci-protein coupledInhibits AdenylInhibits release ofClonidine, MonoxidineTolazoline
Gs-protein coupledhoproterenol, Propranolol,Heart, Kidney, some pre-activates AdenyIncrease heart rateNorepinephrine, MetapoplalB1
synaptic terminalycyclase +PKAand Renin secretionDobutamineAtenelo
Visceral smooth muscles,Gs-protein coupledvasodilationBranchodiation,Salbutamol, Salmeterol118,551, Nadolol,₿2
Bronchioles, Liver, SkeletalIso > Epil 30 NEcyclase .PIKA, Ca-Inhibits InsulinAlbuterol, Formoterol,Muscleschannels
Ga-protein coupledPhysiologicalAgonistAntagonistTypeActionPotency
EffectGq-protein coupledSmooth muscleNorepinephrine,Domarcoin,Vascular Smooth Muscles,activatesFpi 2 NE 20 HO
Gluconeogenesh,Phenylephrine,Phentolamint,@1Visceral smooth MusclesIPH+DAGVasoconstrictionrahimbine,
@2epithelium, Salivary GlandsNeurotransmitterAmbegren, folabegroncycline .PKA

Adrenergic Agonist Applications

Nasal decongestant: Intranasal -> constriction of dilated arterioles and reduction nasal blood flow

  • Ephedrine naphazoline, phenylephrine, tetrahydrixoline Anorexiants: diets in the short-term of obesity
  • Benzaphetamine, phentermine, dextroamphetamine, Dexedrine Bronchodilators: treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Stimulate beta adrenergic.
  • Albuterol, ephedrine, epinephrine, isoetharine, metaproterenol,
  • salmeterol, terbutaline, levalbuterol, isoproterenol

Cholinergic Effects on Neuromuscular Junction

Central Nervous system Increase alternes, convulsions, seizures, coma. Neuromuscular junction Increased muscle strengths, fasciculations, ataxia, tremors.

Receptor Types

Two types, determined by:

  • Location
  • Action once is stimulated

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