Introduction to General Arthrology: Definitions and Classifications

Introduction to General Arthrology

Definition of Arthrology

DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE • SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS. • SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.

Classification of Joints

Classification Based on Structure

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: A) CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURE BASED ON B CLASSIFICATION FUNCTION BASED ONCLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.

A)FIBROUS JOINTS B)CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS C)SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Fibrous Joints

FIBROUS JOINTS- -BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE -no joint cavity a)Sutures b)Syndesmoses c) Gomphoses

Cartilaginous Joints

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- -THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE -THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY a)Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones) b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

Synovial Joints

SYNOVIAL JOINTS- -MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID) -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES) -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED) -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS -BURSAE -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY

Classification Based on Function

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE BASIS FUNCTION · SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures) · AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs) · DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL) . SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON · DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

Types of Synovial Joints

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS · 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLANE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS . 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS . 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

More Synovial Joint Types

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS . 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS · 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT. · 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

Synarthrotic Joints

Synarthrotic Joints · No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones - Suture . Dense Fibrous CT - Gomphosis · Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments - Synchondrosis - Hyaline Cartilage · Epiphyseal Line (plate) - Synostosis - Bony Joints (Fused)(a) Suture Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings. an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Types of Sutures

Types of Sutures Serrate suture Bone Wood Dovetail joint Lap suture Plane suture Miter joint Butt jointCEE

Syndesmosis

(b) Syndesmosis Copyright @ 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Synchondroses

synchodroses (b) (a) Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Symphysis

SYMPYHSIS Pubic arch

Synovial Joint Structure

Synovial Joint Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Joint cavity Articular disc C 0 C C Fibrous capsule pg 215

Synovial Joint Components

SYNOVIAL JOINT PERIOSTEUM LIGAMENT JT CAVITY FIBROUS CAPSULE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE (a) Copyright 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Pivot Joint

3. Pivot Joint Atlas rotation Axis Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of bone 2 Also found in proximal end of radius pronation and supination

Ball and Socket Joint

BALL AND SOCKET Left Shoulder, Ant. View GH

Knee Joint Anatomy

Articular cartilage Patellar surface Medial condyle Fibular collateral ligament Lateral condyle Tibial collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Tibia Medial meniscus Cut tendon Fibula Anterior cruciate ligament

Knee Joint Complexity

Knee Joint · Much more complex than elbow · Much less stable than other hinge joints · Some gliding and rotation · structurally 3 separate joints · No single joint capsule Tendon of quadriceps femoris Femur Suprapatellar bursa Articular capsule Patella Posterior Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa cruciate ligament Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Anterior cruciate ligament Deep infrapatellar bursa Tibia Patellar ligament (a) Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Medial- meniscus Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament (b)

Joint Shapes: Saddle and Ball-and-Socket

Saddle joint t Ball-and-socket joint Joint Shapes · Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex - side-to-side, back-forth movement - (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb – · Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket - multiaxial movement - (eg) shoulder, femur

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths Acromion of scapula Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Fibrous articular capsule Hyaline cartilage Tendon sheath Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle - Humerus pg 219 · Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining . Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons · 3 Factors in Joint Stability: - Muscle Tone - Ligaments - Fit of Articular Surface

Joint Shapes: Hinge and Plane

b Hinge joint a Plane joint Joint Shapes · Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other - angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal · Plane: articular surface in flat plane - Short gliding movement - (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

Joint Shapes: Condyloid and Pivot

Condyloid joint c Pivot joint Joint Shapes · Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity - side-to-side, back+forth movement - (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) · Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament - rotation on long axis - (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

Representative Articulations

Temporomandibular Joint

Representative Articulations Temporomandibular Joint Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation Articular disc Zygomatic arch Zygomatic bone Coronoid process External acoustic meatus Articular capsule Mastoid process Lateral ligament Styloid process Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Ramus of mandible (a) Lateral view Articular surface of mandibular fossa Articular disc Condyloid process Neck of mandible Articular capsule Coronoid process Zygomatic bone (b) Sectional view

Special Movements

Inversion and Eversion

Special Movements Inversion Eversion

Protraction and Retraction

Protraction of mandible Retraction of mandible

Biaxial Joint Examples

BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT) Saddle joint

Joint Movement Axes

a Plane joint Nonaxial Uniaxial Binxial Multiaxial Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Elbow Joint

ELBOW JOINT BICEPS TENDON TROCHLEA SYNOVIAL CAVITY BURSA (a) Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Multiaxial Joints

MULTIAXIAL JOINTS Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament Medial condyle Lateral condyle of femur Tibial (medial) collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage) Fibula Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon (b)

Hip Joint: Ball and Socket

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT) BALL AND SOCKET Copyright @ 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Movements at Synovial Joints

Flexion and Extension

MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

Vertebral Column Flexion and Extension

FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN Flexion (c) Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Limb Flexion and Extension

FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS - increasing the angle between two bones or parts. Return to anatomical position Extension Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley L Copyright @ 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction

ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/ CIRCUMDUCTION Adduction Circumduction

Inversion and Eversion of Foot

INVERSION/EVERSION Inversion Eversion (b) Inversion and eversion Copyright @2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Explained

Tendon Sheaths and Bursae · Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other · Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon Tendon of flexor carpi radialis Tendon of flexor pollicis longus Radial bursa Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus Ulnar bursa (cut) Flexor retinaculum (cut) Lumbrical muscles Tendon sheath (opened) Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Examples

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS SUBACROMIAL BURSA CORACOACRIMAL LIGAMENT TENDON SHEATH (b) (a) Copyright @ 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Questions on Joint Anatomy

Question 1: Rotatory Movements

QUESTIONS Q-1) Rotatory movements of joints take place on: a) Transverse axis b)Vertical axis c)Anteroposterior axis d)All of the above

Question 2: Joint Stability Factor

QUESTIONS Q-2) Most important factor for stability of joint is: a)Fibrous Capsule b)Ligaments c)Atmospheric Pressure d)Surrounding muscle

Question 3: Saddle Joint Examples

QUESTIONS Q-3) All of the following are examples of saddle joint except: a)Sterno-clavicular joint b)Wrist joint c)Calcaneo-cuboid joint d)Incudo-malleolar joint

Question 4: Synovial Joint Characteristics

QUESTIONS Q-4) All of the following are characteristic features of a synovial (diarthrodial) joint except: a)Articular surface are covered by a articular cartilage b)Have joint cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication c)Mostly are freely movable joints d)Articular cartilage are covered by synovial membrane

Question 5: Articular Cartilage Composition

QUESTIONS Q-5) Articular cartilage of all of the following joints are made up of thin plate of fibrocartilage except: 1-Temporomandibular joint 2-1st Carpometacarpal joints 3-Sternoclavicular joint 4-Acramio- clavicular joint

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