Help Is Needed: English Grammar, Conditional Sentences and Past Perfect

Unit 4: Help is Needed

Table of Contents

Grammar

• Relative Clauses
• Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.
• If Clauses or Conditional sentences
• Review of There is and There are
• Any, some, a lot of, much, many, little, a little, few and a few

Vocabulary

• Vulnerable groups
• Illnesses and conditions

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In this unit, we are going to ...
+ Learn how to use relative pronouns.
+ Study conditional.
+ Difference between -ed and -ing adjectives.
+ Learn how to use quantifiers.
+ Learn new vocabulary related to vulnerable groups and their needs.
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Grammar

Relative Clauses

Relative pronouns are used to refer to nouns mentioned before,
no matter if they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas.
The relative pronouns are the following:

• Who: we can only use "who" for people. It is sometimes
  used or animals but depending on the context.
• Whom: it is only used in very formal contexts, and usually
  after a preposition like "to".
• Which: it is used for things.
• That: it is used for people and things.
• Whose: it can be used for people and things and can
  never be left out. We use "whose" in relative clauses
  instead of his/hers/theirs.
• Where: it is used to talk about a place.
• When: it is used to talk about a time.

Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences. The
second sentence after the relative pronoun is called relative
clause. There are two types of relative clauses: defining relative
clause and non-defining relative clause ..
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Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses give us the essential and necessary
information to understand the sentence. If we remove the
defining relative clause, the sentence remains incomplete and
does not make sense. Pay attention to the example:
This is the designer. He did the drawings.
This is the designer who did the drawings.
"Who did the drawings" is the Defining relative clause. If we
remove it, the sentence "This is the designer" is incomplete.
Defining relative clauses do not appear between commas, but
directly after the main clause. Here are some more examples:
This is the computer. It broke down last week.
This is the computer which broke down last week.
Peter is the boy. His father is a sound engineer
in an international enterprise.
Peter is the boy whose father is a sound engineer
in an international enterprise.
This is the school of design. I did my training course there.
This is the school of design where I did my training course.
This was the year. I bought my first camera that year.
This was the year when I bought my first camera.

Omission of Relative Pronouns

Omission of Relative Pronouns. In defining relative clauses, we
can omit the relative pronouns "that", "who", or "which" when
they are objects of the clause (without affecting the structure or
meaning of the sentence). If the relative pronoun is the subject
of the clause, we cannot omit it. Pay attention to this:

• In this example, we can omit the relative pronoun "that"
  because it functions as the object of the clause.
  She was the president. Everyone loved her.
  She was the president
  (
  that )
  everyone loved.
  object
  subject
• In this other example, we cannot omit the relative pronoun
  "that" because it functions as the subject of the clause.
  She was the president. She ruled our country.
  She was the president that ruled our country.
  object

Non-defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clause
Non-defining relative clauses add extra information to the
main sentence, but this information is not crucial to understand
the meaning of the sentence. If we remove the non-defining
relative clause, the sentence still makes complete sense. This
kind of sentences has the following characteristics:

• Always appear between commas.
• They do not use the pronoun "that".
• The relative pronoun cannot be omitted.

Pay attention at the following examples:
Peter is 65 years old. He is still working in the firm.
Peter, who is still working in the firm, is 65 years old.
Peter's car is quite old. It's been several times mended.
Peter's car, which has been several times mended, is quite old.
The woman from the office is coming tonight. Her software
needs its tune up.
The woman from the office, whose software needs its tune up,
is coming tonight.
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Relative Clauses Practice

Complete Sentences with Relative Pronouns

Shall we practise?
1.1. Complete the sentences with the relative pronouns.
who
which
that
whose
where
when

1. The new movie is about a boy.
   has lost his
   parents in a car accident.
2. She is the young lady,
   husband left her for
   someone else.
3. The DVD player for the taxi car
   I bought at
   this store a few days ago is not working.
4. That's the book
   I recommended reading in
   class.
5. Is this the hotel
   you are staying for the
   tournament?
6. My dad,
   travels a lot on business, is in
   Australia now.
7. It was midnight
   the first rescue team arrived
   at the scene of the accident.
8. We stayed at the famous Rockstar hotel,
   also
   had an indoor swimming pool.
9. Did you write back to the person
   offered
   you a job?
10. Where is the money
    I gave you yesterday?

Rewrite Sentences into Defining Relative Clauses

1.2. Rewrite the following sentences changing them
into defining relative clause sentences.

1. They found the money. I dropped the money.
2. I broke the CDs. The CDs were a birthday present.
3. The police arrested the man. He was stealing handbags.
4. That's the house. My apprentice lives.
5. What's the name of the girl? She's wearing a red jacket.
6. The Red Lion is a pub. We usually meet in it for a drink.
7. She is the girl. Her father works in a hotel chain.
8. Here is the mail. It arrived this morning.
9. May is the month. We got married in that date.
10. Those are the torches. They only take batteries.

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Rewrite Sentences into Non-defining Relative Clauses

1.3. Rewrite the following sentences changing them
into non-defining relative clause sentences.

1. My English friends live in Bristol. They work for Toyota
   company.
2. Harry is very fond of pets. He's got a dog, a cat, two
   hamsters and three budgies.
3. My brother works as a receptionist in a lobby. He is
   studying to be a hotel manager.
4. Fiesta was made by Ford brand. It is an affordable car.
5. The new tunnel will be opened next month. It is the
   safest in Europe.
6. The bus was full of noisy children. It broke down at the
   top of the hill.
7. The dog barks all the time. Its owner is never at home.
8. The euro replaced a number of national currencies. It
   was introduced in January 2002.
9. The Arena is one of the most expensive sports centres in
   London. It opened last month.
10. The government handled the diplomatic crisis badly. The
    government is facing corruption changes.

Rewrite Sentences into Defining or Non-defining Relative Clauses

1.4. Rewrite the following sentences changing them
into non-defining relative clause or defining relative
clause sentences.

1. My friend Carla wants to do tourist studies. His father is
   a guide.
2. That was the day. I knew the truth.
3. Ansi is one of my closest friends. I have known her for
   many years.
4. We had fish for dinner. It was really delicious.
5. I will never forget the day. My eldest son was born that day.
6. She showed me a photograph of her son. He is a policeman.
7. New York is a wonderful city. I'd love to visit it one day.
8. She told us a story. I didn't believe it.

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Complete Sentences with Relative Pronouns and Omission

1.5. Complete the sentences with the right relative and
omit it if it is possible. (Use the brackets to omit the
relative pronoun).

1. The British are almost the only people
   drive
   on the left.
2. Japan,
   electronics industry is very efficient,
   have a big export market.
3. St. Mary's Church,
   we visited yesterday, is very old.
4. The deal,
   she has made, will make her very rich.
5. Is that the woman
   threw acid at the cars?
6. The match
   we saw was boring.
7. I love the chocolate ice-cream
   they sell in
   that shop.
8. The electronic devices factory
   closed last
   week had been there for 70 years.
9. Have you read about the schoolgirl
   started
   her own business and is now a millionaire?
10. The book
    I'm reading is about premium trips.

Key Vocabulary for Relative Clauses

TO KEEP IN MIND!

• Hotel chain: a company that owns or operates several hotels
• To be fond of: to like someone or something very much.
• Budgies: it is a small and bright coloured bird.
• Currency: it is the money in general use in a country.

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Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing

2. Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing.
In English, we can find a lot of adjectives which end in -ed or -ing.

• An adjective that ends in -ing is used to describe the
  characteristic of a person, a thing, or a situation.
  "My friends are boring". It means they are boring people.
• An adjective that ends in -ed is used to describe a feeling
  or an emotion. It is used to describe a temporary thing.
  "My friends are bored". It means they feel bored.

Practice with -ed and -ing Adjectives

Choose the Correct Option

Shall we practise?
2.1. Choose the correct option.

1. It's so (frustrating / frustrated)! No matter how much I
   study I can't remember this vocabulary about engines.
2. This lesson is so (boring / bored)!
3. I'm feeling (depressed / depressing), so I'm going to go
   home, eat some chocolate, and go to bed early with a
   good book.
4. I thought her new idea was absolutely (fascinated /
   fascinating).
5. This maths problem is so (confusing / confused). Can
   you help me?
6. The teacher was really (amusing / amused) so the lesson
   passed quickly.
7. The journey was (exhausting / exhausted)! Ten hours by train.
8. The boat began to move in a rather (alarming / alarmed) way.
9. She was (frightening / frightened) when he saw the mouse.

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More Practice with -ed and -ing Adjectives

2.2. Choose the correct option.

1. Halloween was probably the most
   film I have
   ever seen. (frightened / frightening).
2. I always get so
   when my dad starts
   speaking English (embarrassed/ embarrassing).
3. I am
   to see how well he gets along with his
   stepfather. (surprised/surprising)
4. The movie was so.
   that I fell asleep (bored / boring).
5. You've been walking for 5 hours. You must feel
   (exhausted /exhausting).
6. I was
   when I saw him in that outfit for the first
   time. (frightened/frightening)
7. I didn't like the film. The plot was rather simple and
   (uninterested/ uninteresting)
8. It's
   to see how many people didn't care to
   vote in the last election. (surprised / surprising)
9. You look a bit
   (confused / confusing).
10. I saw that my boss was very
    (annoyed/annoying)

Complete Sentences with Correct Adjective Form

2.3. Complete the sentences with the correct adjective
form of the words in parentheses.

1. The car exhibition is really
   (interest).
2. I was
   (fascinate) by the power of that engine.
3. Yes, they were
   (amaze).
4. I didn't find that very
   (excite).
5. That was the most
   (frighten) thing I've ever done.
6. What's wrong? You look so
   (bore).
7. What do you find
   (fascinate)?
8. Does walking make you feel
   (tire)?

Choose the Correct Answer for Adjectives

2.4. Chose the correct answer.

1. He's such a monotonous speaker. I was so
   bored
   boring
2. Most sequels are
   disappointed
   disappointing
3. I had such a
   day I went straight to bed.
   tired
   tiring
4. The whole school was
   by the tragic event
   saddened
   saddening
5. I was
   when she told me she'd got divorced.
   amazed
   amazing
6. No one knew what would happen next. We were all
   intrigued
   intriguing
7. There's
   been
   some
   very
   news.
   surprised
   surprising
8. His mother was
   by what she found under his bed.
   disgusted
   disgusting
9. He's always showing off. It's really
   annoyed
   annoying
10. She kept talking about her boyfriend problems all night.
    It was rather
    embarrassed
    embarrassing

Key Vocabulary for Adjectives

TO KEEP IN MIND!

• Amused: it is funny or entertaining.
• Embarrassed: to feel uncomfortable because of shame or
  wounded pride.
• 
  Stepfather: it is a man who is not your biological father, but
  he is married to your mother.
• Outfit: it is a set of clothes.
• To show off: it is to impress people by showing in an obvious
  way what they can do or own.

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