Global Shift Physical Environment: Economic Migration and Urbanization

Economic Migration in an Interconnected World

continuedEQ2 . 3.5 - The increasing scale and pace of economic migration in an interconnected worldMegacities and Globalisation

Impact of Globalisation

In 2008 for the first time in history the urban population equalled the rural population of the world. From now on the majority of the world population will be urban Figure I.1. Urban and rural populations of the world, 1950-2050

7000.0 6000.0 What happened in 2008? 5000.0 Population (milions) 4000.0 I I I I I 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Urban population Rural population

Megacities Overview

• In 2018 55% of the World's 7.6 billion population were living in urban areas. 7% of the World now live in megacities.
• Megacities are urban agglomerations with at least 10 million inhabitants. In 2018 there were 33 megacities in the World as a whole. Asia has more megacities than any other continent with 20 in total and of these 6 are in China while India has 5. Latin America has 6 megacities, there are 3 in Africa and just 2 in both Europe and North America. A further 10 cities are expected to achieve megacity status by 2030 bringing the World total to 43 megacities. One of these new megacities is expected to be London but all the other 9 are in developing or emerging nations.

Processes Driving Urban Growth

1. Natural Increase
2. Rural - Urban Migration
3. Reclassification of settlements

Natural Increase Definition

• The difference between a society's crude birth rate and the crude death rate. A migrant population, such as that found in world megacities, usually has a high rate of natural increase due to the presence of a large proportion of fertile young adults and relatively few older people reaching the end of their lives.

Rural-Urban Migration Explained

The movement of people and business from rural areas into towns and cities. This leads to Urbanisation An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas within a specified location.

Rate of Urban Growth

Why is Urban Growth Happening?

Hyper-urbanisation

1. Rural to Urban migration
2. Natural Increase

Figure 6 The growth of a developing world megacity Intemational migration Inter-urban migration Megacity High natural increase Small city Rural-urban migration Rural-urban migration Rural areas Smaller flow Larger flow

Urbanisation & Megacities

The mass movement of people to urban areas is creating mega-cities. ENTRE These are cities with a population of 10million or more people. UPS In 1970 there were only 3!

Global Migration Patterns

ANNUAL NET MIGRATION 500,000 100,000 - 10,000 Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Rural-Urban Migration Factors

1. Rural-Urban Migration

Why Migrate? Push and Pull Factors

This is usually down to push and pull factors. A push factor is something about their home life/current location that makes them want to leave Such as? ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLITICAL PUSH Factors LEAVE Poverty Fear Disasters Unemployment

Pull Factors Explained

These are elements of a location that draws a migrant. A pull factor can often be (but not always) the opposite of the push factor which caused them to leave their home. Dream Job Next Exit

Push and Pull Factors Summary

Push Factors Pull Factors I I few services . lack of job opportunities unhappy life poor transport links natural disasters · wars . shortage of food . access to services better job opportunities more entertainment facilities better transport links improved living conditions hope for a better way of life family links

Migration Theory: Lee's Push-Pull Model

Migration theory Key concept A useful migration model is Lee's push-pull theory (1966). Lee explained the factors causing migration in terms of the positive and negative characteristics of origin and destination areas. Migrants have to perceive some benefit in moving from one place to another. They also take into account obstacles they might 1 + + + + I Intervening obstacles 4 + + + Positive factors Origin - Negative factors Destination O Neutral factors Figure 12.2 Lee's push-pull migration model encounter including family pressures, gove ment policy, costs of travel and language barri (Figure 12.2). Rural- Urban Migration Push factors - Pull factors - Intervening obstacles -

Migration Theory: Lee's Model Details

Migration theory Key concept A useful migration model is Lee's push-pull theory (1966). Lee explained the factors causing migration in terms of the positive and negative characteristics of origin and destination areas. Migrants have to perceive some benefit in moving from one place to another. They also take into account obstacles they might 1 + + + + 4 + + + Positive factors Origin - Negative factors Destination O Neutral factors Figure 12.2 Lee's push-pull migration model encounter including family pressures, gove ment policy, costs of travel and language barri (Figure 12.2). Rural- Urban Migration Push factors - fast population growth leads to underemployment and depressed wages. Degradation of farmland, pollution, conflict, lack of services due to sparse population (deprivation) etc. Pull factors - Range of employment (TNC branch plants), relocated manufacturing, outsourced services - higher wages/productive, better provision of services Intervening obstacles - Often push and pull factors are about perception not reality I Intervening obstacles +

Lee's General Migration Model

0 O + O + + 1 ++ 0 Intervening obstacles may prevent migration from taking place, or may reduce the numbers moving. Distance may be such an obstacle (see gravity model), while social or economic factors may also act as obstacles. Intervening places + 0 0 + Military service Illiteracy Mis-information Bureaucracy Family pressures Lack of capital National Religion policy Political differences Language Immediate job opportunities Travel costs 0 + O - Negative factors O - Intervening obstacles + Positive factors O Neutral factors O O Figure 4.6 Lee's general migration model + - Source: Population, Resources and Development. Jane Chrispin and Francis Jegede. Collins Educational. 1996.

Urbanisation & Megacities Growth

Megacities are more common in NEEs and are becoming more common in higher income LICs. Other than rural - urban migration what other cause do you think there is for the growth in mega-cities? Natural increase

Natural Increase as a Cause

2. Natural Increase

Natural Increase Rate

• This is the difference between a country's BR and their DR.

250.000 111,000 200,000 -@-Births -+-Deaths 171,000 Why do you think the rate of NI is high in countries with high rates of urbanisation? 10,000 11.000 1970 1990 2000 1005 2010 (clue- think of the age/social characteristics of migrants)

Handout Activity

• Use page 214 to complete the table on causes of rural-urban migration
• Copy the model of rural-urban migration

Mumbai City Profile

1. Ranked 8th in Forbes list of Top 10 Cities for Billionaires -18 billionaires , 2012
2. Not a capital city, but it is the 2nd largest in the country. Population - 20 million.
3. Over half live in slums
4. Sex Ratio is one of the lowest in the world (77 females: 100 males)
5. Located on the largely artificial Salsette Island. Originally 7 separate islands. Now all linked by land reclaimed from the sea.
6. 5 main languages spoken in the city. English which is main language in 1/4 of the schools, all the universities and the city's elite.
7. Founded by Raja Bhimdev a Hindu in the 11th century. 70% are Hindus today.
8. Taken by the Muslim Sultan of Gujaret in 1348 - 20% are Muslims today.
9. Became a Portuguese Colony in 1534. The city was given to the UK as a wedding present in 1661! Ruled by the British for 286 yrs until 1947.
10. The Bollywood Film Industry is located here. Bollywood comes from a combination of Hollywood & the city's former name of ....

Mumbai Demographics

Mumbai Population: 20 million people N NW NE E China SW SE S Bhutan Nepal India angladesh Mumbai Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean Pakistan

Mumbai Economy and Brands

Mumbai Markets such as Colaba Causeway cater for the emerging middle class and also provide a range of retail jobs mild's m M McDonald's M TM PASTA MELO HAMBURGER 5 Hilton HOTELS & RESORTS There are many international brands in Mumbai including those pictured.

Mumbai Migration Drivers

Mumbai People moved from impoverished rural areas where literacy rates are low and quality of life is poor. There is also very little infrastructure (such as roads and trains) in these regions, especially Uttar Pradesh. Farming is an unreliable source of income and crop failure is common. Uttar Pradesh Bihar ==

Mumbai Industries and Culture

Mumbai Some TNCs are based in Mumbai such as Tata Steel and Reliance Industries are based in Mumbai. It is also the home to Hindi language film industry Hindi Cinema also known as Bollywood. TATA TATA STEEL TO. E L PI GINE DS TATA STEEL LTD. poching boas. Touching lives.Transforming India. Reliance Industries Limited Growth is Life Ra OFFICIAL SELECTION FESTIVAL DE CANNES Butnuood greatest love story ever told sa re S& ma

Mumbai Population Growth 1970-2030

What was Mumbai's approximate population size in 1970? B. Urban agglomerations with 15 to 20 million inhabitants in 2018 30 Dhaka 25 Population (millions) 20 Kinki M.M.A. (Osaka) Karachi 15 New York-Newark Mumbai (Bombay) 10 Beijing 5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Inequalities in Mumbai

ST In GUD LOO बवासीर बवासीर भगंदर भगंदर अंडवृष्टी अंडवृष्टी फिसर फिसर सरकार STAR TECH

Bandra Neighbourhood

Bandra - neighbourhood - K Bandra pulsalsd · Home to several Bollywood Stars Location of Bandra

Antilla: World's Most Expensive House

2013 - Most expensive house in the World · Antilla, new home of Mukesh Ambani . Ambani is 5th richest man in the world and worth $27 billion as head of petrochemicals giant Reliance Industries . Antilla is 27 stories high and cost $2 billion at is home to Ambani, his wife, 3 children, mother and 600 staff!

Antilla Features: The Lobby

• Nine elevators dot the lobby floor:
• 2 are designated for parking areas
• 3 for guest quarters
• 2 for the Ambani family residences
• 2 for service.
• The lobby opens to numerous lounges, reception areas and powder rooms.

Antilla Features: Ballroom and More

BallroomBathroomRoof Garden · Parking space for 168 cars. · 3 helipads and an air traffic control facility. · Health spa · Cinema with a seating capacity for 50 · Multiple swimming pools · 3 floors of hanging gardens