Detailed notes on esophagus and salivary glands pathologies

Esophagus Mucosa Characteristics

how is the mucosa of the esophagus? pluristratified mucosa, white and loose coloration. stomach -- > pink/red -- > monostratified mucosa.

Z Line in Esophagus

What is the Z line? Is it always present? separates esophageal from gastric mucosa. NOT present in GERD.

Mucus Production in Esophagus

from what is mucus in the esophagus produced by? by cardiac glands present in submucosa.

Function of Esophageal Mucus

what's the function of mucus in esophagus? helps peristalsis. sterilize bolus from bacteria.

Esophagus Anatomy and Segments

where does the esophagus start? at level of C6, epipharynx attached to cricoid cartilage. in which segments is the esophagus divided into? 3 segments: 1) upper thoracic -- > from cricoid to thorax 2) middle thoracic -- > 8 cm 3) lower thoracic -- > 8 cm total length 25 cm

Systematic Classification of Esophageal Pathologies

which is the systematic classification of the pathologies related to the esophagus? 1) developmental anomalies 2) esophageal varices 3) lacerations of esophagus with Mallory Weiss syndrome: - esophagitis - tumors

Main Causes of Esophagitis

which are the 5 main causes of esophagitis?1. GERD 2. transplant 3. Crohn 4. intubation 5. pills

Less Common Causes of Esophagitis

which are other less common causes of esophagitis? - candida - herpes simplex - CMV - HIV - bacterial

Types of Esophagitis

which are the 7 types of esophagitis? 1. reflux 2. infectious 3. eosinophilic 4. drug-induced 5. radiation 6. ingestion corrosive 7. autoimmune

Histological Features of Esophageal Mucosa Phlogosis

which are the 3 histological feature of phologosis of oesophageal mucosa? 1. height of papillae and basal layer 2. vascular alterations 3. intraepithelial infiltration (neutrophils, eosinophils)

Complications of Esophagitis

which are the complications of esophagitis? - stenosis of terminal oesophagus - Barret oesophagus

Barrett's Esophagus and Cancer Risk

Whats Barrett's esophagus? why so dangerous? metaplasia. precancerous condition, main cause of gastric cancer.can transorm into adenocarcinoma.

Layers of the Esophagus

from how many layers is composed the esophagus? 5: 1. mucosa 2. muscularis mucosae 3. submucosa 4. muscularis externa 5. adventitia

Composition of Esophageal Mucosa Layer

from what the mucosa layer of esophagus is composed of? - stratified squamous epithelium -- > lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - basal cells - papillae -- > ridges of connective tissue

Submucosa Layer of Esophagus

what is and what does submucosa layer of esophagus contain? is dense regular connective tissue. conatins: blood vessels, lymphatics and submucosal glands.

Muscularis Externa Composition

what is muscolaris externa composed of? 2 muscles layers: inner circular, outer longitudinal

Adventitia Layer of Esophagus

what's adventitia layer of esophagus? loose connective tissue anchoring esophagus to structures around

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Biopsy

Myeloproliferative neoplasms and why we use bone marrow biopsy Because bone marrow often site of metastasis. we use it x: 1. confirming diagnosis 2. determine disease severity -- > determs extent bone marrow involvement 3. differentiate btw different MPN types 4. monitoring disease progression

Age of Onset for Gastric Carcinoma

which is the age of onset of gastric carcinoma? 40 years

Risk Factors for Gastric Carcinoma

which are the risk factors for gastric carcinoma? 1. H. Pylori 2. diet3. smoking 4. geological factors linked to H2O composition. (high zinc and low copper, or high levels of nitrates). 5. autoimmune gastritis 6. radiation

E-cadherin Mutation and Hereditary Gastric Carcinoma

which mutation can determine a form of hereditary gastric carcinoma? E-cadherin mutation what does E-cadherin mutation cause? a form of hereditary gastric carcinoma seen in young people with dyspeptic symptoms.

Endoscopic Findings in Hereditary Gastric Carcinoma

what does endoscopy see in pts with hereditary gastric carcinoma linked to E-cadherin mutation? neoplastic cells "ring with custom". The content is mucus and carcinomatous cells at very low proliferative rate.

Macroscopic Classification of Gastric Carcinoma

macroscopic classification of gastric carrcinoma? 1. nodular (+ common, 44%) 2. ulcerated (40%) 3. fungal (7%) 4. linitis plastica (7%) 5. superficial carcinoma (2%)

Classification of Gastric Carcinoma

classification of gastric carcinoma? 1. macroscopic classification 2. histological classification 3. WHO classification

Histologic Classification of Gastric Carcinoma

histologic classification of gastric carcinoma? Lauren classification was the first: - intestinal type -- > linked to intestinal metaplasia/ chronic gastritis. resembles normal intestinal tissue. well- formed glandular structures. - diffuse -- > cells not forming distinct glandular structures. non-cohesive cells, easy to metastatize - undifferentiated another one was later, Ming:- expansive -- > in astral site lined w/ intestinal metaplasia - infiltrative -- > diffuse form of Lauren, worst prognosis

WHO Classification of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

who classification of gastric adenocarcinoma? 1. tubular 2. papillary 3. mucinous (1,2,3 intestinal type of Lauren) 4. Signet ring (diffuse type) 5. mixed 6. adenosquamous 7. squamous cell 8. hepatoid prognosis WHO Classifica Patterns · Tubular (most co . Papillary (freque · Mucinous (10% c · Signet ring cell c cohesive carcinoi

Frequency of Gastric Carcinoma Types

which type is more frequent btw diffuse and intestinal type of gastric carcinoma? diffuse

Differences Between Diffuse and Intestinal Gastric Carcinoma

what's the differece btw diffuse and intestinal type of gastric carcinoma? diffuse: non-cohesive mass non glandular structures no precursor metastasis worst prognosis intestinal: cohesive cellswell formed glandular structures precursosrs -- > metaplasia, dysplasia, adenomatous polyps

Early Gastric Cancer Location and Prognosis

early gastric cancer is a carcinoma of which layer of the stomach? mucosa and submucosa in which part of the stomach is frequent the early gastric cancer? distal part does early gastric cancer have a good or bad prognosis? very good even w/ metastasis

Ulcerated Early Gastric Cancer Treatment

what is different in the ulcerated variant of early gastric cancer? w/ ulceration is complicated to do a complete mucosectomy so it's preferable to do a partial gastrectomy how c

Challenges of Mucosectomy in Ulcerated Early Gastric Cancer

why with the ulceration type of early gastric cancer is complicated to do a complete mucosectomy? 1. altered anatomy 2. irregular borders 3. increase risk of perforation 4. increase risk of bleeding 5. depth of invasion -- > may be more challenging to accurately assess the depth of invasion of the cancer cells

Gastric Carcinoma Diffusion Pathways

how can gastric carcinoma diffusion be? 1. direct -- > often at diagnosis has infiltrated wall of stomach and reached pancreas, duodenum, omentum 2. to lymphatic vessels 3. hematic -- > to liver, lungs, bone, skin, CNS 4. transperitoneal -- > causing Krukenberg tumor of ovary

Secondary Gastric Carcinoma

what is secondary gastric carcinoma? is when stomach is site of metastasis from another cancer which types of carcinoma most frequently cause secondary gastric carcinoma? 1. melanoma 2. lung 3. breast

Crohn's Disease Overview

what's crohn's disease? is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unclear etiology that can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract

Forms of Crohn's Disease

which are the 2 types of form of crohn's disease?1. agressive perforative -- > presence of fistula and visceral abscess 2. indolent -- > stenotic tendency to give phlogistic infiltrate of all intestinal wall

Differences Between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

which are the main differences between chron disease and ulcerative colitis? ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum. crohn disease can manifest anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. ulcerative colitis is generally limited to mucosa and submucosa, crohn disease is typically transmural

Macroscopic Features of Crohn's Disease

which are the macroscopic features of chron's disease? - terminal ileum - transmural phlogistic infiltrate - cobblestone appearance - stenosis -fistula

Microscopic Features of Crohn's Disease

which are the microscopic features of chron's disease? - diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia with nodular aggregation - transmural inflammation with edema in submucosa - noncaseating granuloma in 2/3 of cases - lymphatic ectasia - arteritis and vascular lesions in 5% of cases

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

what's IBD? chronic inflammatory condition resulting from complex interactions btw intestinal microbiota and host immunity in genetically predisposed individuals IBD cal Features dominal pain + ol changes + emia, 1 platelets, sed. rate, albumin + rer + 'ianal disease + ody stools with tenesmus + :al WBC, occult blood +

Histology for IBD Diagnosis

which is the only way to recognize the specific form of IBD? histology, that's why it's so important, also for therapy and prognostic factors.

Histological Observations in IBD

which are the 2 main histological things that we have to observe in IBD?1. superficial epithelium and glandular pits 2. inflammatory infiltrate

Histological Features of Epithelium and Glandular Pits in IBD

which are the histological features to see in superficial epithelium and glandular pits of IBD? - conformational alterations - cytological alterations

Histological Features of Inflammatory Infiltrate in IBD

which are the histological features to see in inflammatory infiltrate of IBD? - if superficial or deep - the distribution -- > if focal, segmentary or diffuse - the composition -- > granuloctytes, plasmacells, lymphocytes, histiocytes

Cancer Risk in Ulcerative Colitis

which one among ulcerative colitis and chron disease is more prone to become cancerogenic and why? ulcerative colitis due to changes in mucosal characteristics

Indications for Biopsy in Ulcerative Colitis

which are the indication for a biopsy for ulcerative colitis? - confirm disease and stage - verify7 monitor therapy - determine presence of dysplasia

Clinical Features of Ulcerative Colitis

which are the clinical features of ulcerative colitis? 1. bloody diarrhea 2. lower abdominal pain 3. cramps relapsing-remitting

Phases of Ulcerative Colitis

which are the 3 different phases of ulcerative colitis? and what happens in each of them? 1. active - disruption of superficial epithelium and crypts - ulceration - crypts abscess - severe inflammatory infiltrate 2. resolution - regenerative aspect with irregular mucosa with polyps - reduction of inflammatory infiltrate 3. remission- atrophic mucosa and crypts - metaplasia with paneth cells thickness of muscularis mucosae

Complications of Ulcerative Colitis

which are the complications of ulcerative colitis? - toxic megacolon - perforation - bleeding (hemorrhages, due to erosion of superficial part of large bowel) - hyperplastic polyps - colon cancer ULCERATIVE COLITIS (CO) CROHN DISEASE Mucosal und subesacosal ulcers Full-thickness inflammation wat Begins in rectum and can extend prosimally up to the cecum Oinvolvement in continuous, Fig. 10.21Ak remainder of the Gil tract is unaffected. Anywhere froen mouth to amas s terminal drum is the most coesa least coremnon Let lower quadrant pain frechorn) with bloody diarrhea Right kower quadrant pais ülewe Hoody diarrhea Crypt abscesses with neutrophils (Fig. 30.2130 Lymphoid aggregaes with gram Pycodopolyps, kas of hasstra ('lead pipe' sign on imaging, Fig. 18:25℃) Cobblestone mucosa (Fig. 10.22 and strictures (aring sigs'en il 18 2283 Toxic megacolon and carcinoma frisk is based on extent of colonia involvement and duration of disease, generally not a concern until > 10 years of diseksl Malabsorption with nutritional, calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. and carcinoma, if colonic diseas Primary achroving cholangta and p-ANIC.A. Ankykoning spondylitis, tacsoda polyarthritis, erythema padosas Protects against UC Docreases giá for Crohn disease

Toxic Megacolon Definition

What's toxic megacolon? a severe/ potentially life-threating complication of ulcerative colitis, C. difficile characterized by extreme dilation/ inflammation of colon

Pathological Features of Toxic Megacolon

which are the 7 pathological features of toxic megacolon?