Earth and Life Sciences: Living Organisms, Diversity and Functioning

Diversity of Living Organisms

Outline

1. Diversity of living organisms: classification
2. Cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic organization.
3. Autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.
4. Multicellularity
5. The five kingdoms and Virus:
1. Virus
2. Monera
3. Protists
4. Fungi
5. Plants
6. Animals
6. Functions of life:
1. The nutrition function in life beings and in humans
2. The interaction function in life beings and in humans
3. The reproduction function in life beings and in humans

Functions of Life

Nutrition Function in Life Beings

Nutrition refers to 2 concepts: – Getting needed substances (nutrients). - Getting energy to carry out vital processes . Food chain: process of food energy transfer through a series of organisms in which each one feeds from the previous and is the food of the next. - Autotrophs: productors - Heterotrophs: consumers · Main substance is carbon, but others are also necessary. Source: Inorganic matter: – ○ By phototrophs (photosynthesis) ○ By chemotrophs (without photosynthesis). - Organic matter (other life beings): ○ Heterotrophs.

Nutrition: Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Comparison

Autotrophs Heterotrophs Feed from inorganic matter Feed from other life beings (organic matter) Are the productors in the food chain Are the consumers in the food chain Produce their own food for energy Eat other organisms in order to obtain their energy Are either photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs Can be hebivores, onmivores or carnivores Plants, algae and some bacteria are examples Animals, fungii and some bacteria are examples

Nutrition: Food Chain

· First level: autotrophs (productors) . Second level: animals - Primary consumers (herbivores) - Secondary consumers (carnivores) · Decomposers: fungi and bacteria - Decomposition of dead organisms - Degrade organic matter -> inorganic matter - Soil and air receive this matter. Chesapeake Bay Waterbird Food Web Tertiary Consumers: Osprey Bald Eagle Secondary Consumers: Gulls and Terns Wading Birds Large Piscivorous Fish Sea Ducks Tundra Swan Primary Consumers: Small Planktivorous Fish Bivalves 1 Benthic Invertebrates Herbivores: Zooplankton Herbivorous Ducks Geese and Mute Swans Primary Producers: Phytoplankton Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Vegetation

Food Chain Equilibrium

· What happens when equilibrium is broken? · When a species disappears: - Next links starve - Immediate inferior level will overpopulate (no predator) - Inferior levels will be unbalanced. · Population dynamics is studied in Math (Lotka- Volterra) - https://www.uv.es/falbe/MatExp/aplicada/modelizacio n/Lotka-Volterra/ – https://populationdynamics.netlify.app/ Chesapeake Bay Waterbird Food Web Tertiary Consumers: Osprey Bald Eagle Secondary Consumers: Gulls and Terns Wading Birds Large Piscivorous Fish Sea Ducks Tundra Swan Primary Consumers: Small Planktivorous Fish Bivalves Benthic Invertebrates Herbivores: Zooplankton * Herbivorous Ducks Geese and Mute Swans Primary Producers: Phytoplankton Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) Vegetation

Food Chain Fix

· https://ssec.si.edu/food-chain-fix Energy 1 Smithsonian SCIENCE for Makerspaces FOOD CHAIN FIX DESIGN & COMPUTATIONAL THINKING LESSON GUIDE

Nutrition in Monerans

Monerans · Heterotrophic monerans: - Parasite - human diseases (gonorrhea, syphilis, ... ) - Symbiotic - bacteria digesting fiber for us in our digestive track. - Saprotrophs / Saprofitas -> they develop in dead bodies - Fermentative -, bacteria inside cow digestive track . Autotrophic monerans: - Photosynthetic - Chemosynthetic.

Nutrition in Protists and Fungi

Protists - Algae: phototrophic - Animal-like protists (protozoa): heterotrophs - Molds: Heterotrophs (direct absorption of substance from the environment). · Fungii - All heterotrophs: either saprotrophs or parasites. Heterotrophes Autotrophes Protists --- Algae Phototrophes Protozoa Heterotrophs Molds Direct absorption of sustances Fungii Saprotrophic or Parasites

Nutrition in Plantae

Plantae: photosynthesis and respiration. – Respiration occurs during day and night. – Transpiration to eliminate excess water. - Water and salts from the roots. – Other ways: ○ Parasites (roots in another plant) ○ Carnivorous plants (insects for organic matter). REGION OF MATURE CELLS ROOT HAIR ZONE ROOT HAIR REGION OF ELONGATION GROWING POINT IMERISTEMATIC ZONE) -ROOT CAP Fig. 5.3. Zones or regions of a typical root. Protection and growing.

Plantae Photosynthesis

Plantae: - Photosynthesis: ○ In the chloroplasts ○ Chlorophyll absorbs solar light (energy) · Global reaction: + + Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen light oxygen carbon dioxide carbohydrates water

Nutrition in Animals

Digestion of external food that enters the organism. · One part cannot be digested: – Urinary system – Digestive tube ● Urinary system has a double function: contributes to homeostasis: – Osmotic pressure - lon levels – Nitrogen products from metabolism . Digestive and urinary systems show different complexities in different animals. - Sponges: only one hole with a cavity where intracellular digestion occurs. – Jellyfish show extracellular and intracellular digestion. – Echinoderms (starfish eliminate waste through the skin.

Human Digestive System

· Mouth . Pharynx - epiglottis · Esophagus · Stomach · Liver · Small intestine · Gall bladder · Pancreas · Appendix · Large intestine · Anus: sphincter Mouth Palate Uvula Tongue Teeth Pharynx Salivary glands Esophagus Sublingual Submandibular Parotid Liver Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Small intestine Large intestine Transverse colon Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Ascending colon Cecum Descending colon Appendix Sigmoid colon Anus Rectum Reading: https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/science/general-science/your-digestive-system/

Human Urinary System

. 2. Kidney: made of nephron cells – Filtration - Secretion - Reabsorption . 4. Ureter: connects the kidney and the urinary bladder . 5. Urinary bladder: sac containing the urine (pee). ● 6. Urethra: tube that takes the urine out of the organism. 12 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 13 6 14 Reading: https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/pee.html

Other Systems for Nutrition

EXCRECIÓN RIÑÓN HÍGADO (BILIS) PIEL (SUDOR) PULMÓN ANHÍDRIDO CARBÓNICO, AGUA F AGUA, UREA, ÁCIDO ÚRICO ETC. FÁRMACOS, COLESTEROL, ETC. ELECTRÓLITOS, AGUA, PRODUCTOS NITROGENADOS, ETC. . We have other systems that take care of nutrition function: - Circulatory system - Respiratory system

Respiratory System

. Nose and nasal cavities: there are nostrils in it. . Trachea (windpipe) · Bronchi: - Cilia: moves the mucus. · Lungs: - Left one is a bit smaller. - Alveoli: gas exchange happens here. Paranasal sinuses Frontal Sphenoid Connective tissue Nose Alveolar sacs Nasal cavity Nasal conchae Nasal vestibule Alveolar duct Mucous Pharynx gland Larynx Epiglottis Mucosal lining Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Oral cavity Esophagus - Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Alveoli Atrium Vocal folds Trachea Carina of trachea Main bronchi Tracheal and bronchi rings Lingular division bronchi Left lung Right lung Superior lobe Superior lobe Apex of left lung Horizontal fissure Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Cardiac notch Middle lobe Lingula of lung Inferior lobe Inferior lobe Diaphragm Recommended video: Superior Inferior Middle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOKmjYwfDGU Lobar bronchus Capillary beds

Circulatory System

A. = artery V. = vein ● Vein: Type of blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart from the lungs or body. ● Artery: Type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart toward the lungs or body. ● Capillary: Smallest type of blood vessel that connects very small arteries and veins. ● Blood: Fluid that circulates throughout the body through blood vessels. ● Plasma: Golden-yellow fluid part of blood that contains many dissolved substances and blood cells. Venous sinuses Basilar a. Internal carotid a. External carotid a. External jugular v. Internal jugular v. Vertebral a. Common carotid a. Superior vena cava Pulmonary a. an Inferior vena cava Heart Hepatic v. Coronary a. and (Hepatic) portal v. Descending aorta Brachial a. and v. Celiac trunk Basilic v. Splenic a. and v. Superior mesenteric a. and v. Renal a. and v. Gonadal a. and v. Ulnar a. Radial a. Common iliac a. and Internal iliac a. and v. External iliac a. and v. Palmar digital v. Digital a. Common femoral a. and Deep femoral a. and v. Femoral a. and v. Popliteal a. and v. Great saphenous v. Small saphenous v. Anterior tibial a. and v. Posterior tibial a. and v. Peroneal a. and v. Arcuate a. Dorsal digital a. Dorsal venous arch Dorsal digital vein By LadyofHats, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal - Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6698231 Subclavian a. and v. Axillary a. and v. Cephalic v. - Aorta Median cubital v.

Circulatory System Blood Cells

Recommended reading: https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/circulatory-system/lesson/Circulatory-System-BIO/ . Red blood cell: Type of cell in blood that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen or carbon dioxide. They lack nucleus! . White blood cells: Type of cell in blood that defends the body against invading microorganisms or other threats in blood or extracellular fluid. · Platelet: Cell fragment in blood that helps blood clot. By Tleonardi - Own work, CC BY 3.0, Agglomerdtp.S://commons .wikimediaorg/w/inde x.php?curid=3159041 Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte Lymphocytes Neutrophil White Blood Cells Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014" ;. WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28223981

Pulmonary Circulation

· Pulmonary circulation: - Blood (without oxygen) goes from right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary artery. - Blood takes oxygen from the lungs. - Oxygenated blood goes back to the heart's left atrium through pulmonary vein. Pulmonary artery Right lung Left lung Pulmonary vein atria Credit: Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats) for CK-12 Foundation Source: CK-12 Foundation License: CC BY-NC 3.0 Ventricles