Unit 2: Playing with History, World Conflicts and Spanish Civil War

SOCIAL SCIENCES

DBH4 Unit 2. Playing with History. Notes Eleizalde ikastola Ikastolenekartre Tlf. 94 618 75 93 Arono auzoa 6, Bormoo 48370 bormoo@@ikastola.ous eleizaldeikastola.eus

1This second unit we will be focusing on two main world conflicts that took place in the first half of the 20th century, the two world wars, their causes and consequences, and an important interwar event, the Spanish Civil War, and the different perspectives of the various protagonists through a critical analysis of primary sources.

Historical Period Knowledge

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THIS PERIOD OF HISTORY?

Key Events and Protagonists

DATE EVENT PROTAGONIST EXPLANATION

1914 Assassination in Sarajevo Beginning of WW1 Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austro-Hungarian emperor's heir) Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo (Bosnia) by a Serbian terrorist. This is considered the "spark" for the WW1.

1917 Russian Revolution Vladimir Lenin (Russian communist head 1917-1924) Communist revolution that overthrew the tsar (Nicholas II) and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, established the first communist state in history.

1918 End of WW1 Germany signed an armistice.

1919 Treaty of Versailles Woodrow Wilson (President of USA 1913-1921) It ended the conflict between Germany and the Allied Powers. Main decisions: who caused the war, who was to pay reparations, and what was to happen to Germany and Austria-Hungary.

1925 Fascist member becomes Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini (Known as Il Duce, head of Italian government 1922- 1943) Founder of Italian fascism. He ruled the country democratically until 1925; then he set up a legal dictatorship.

1929 Wall Street Crash (Great Depression) 1929-1939: The longest and most severe economic crisis in the industrialised world. It began in North America and spread to Europe.

1931 Second Republic in Spain Manuel Azaña (President of the II Spanish Republic when civil war broke out) 1931-1939. It ended when fascism won the Spanish Civil War.

1936 Military coup d'état Beginning of the Spanish Civil War Proclamation of the first Basque Government Francisco Franco (Spanish fascist dictator 1939-1975) Jose Antonio Agirre (lehendakari of the first Basque Government)

• When left wing political parties won the elections in 1936, Franco gave a coup d'état and Spanish Civil War began
• With the approval of the first Statute of Autonomy, the first Basque government was created. Jose Antonio Agirre (EAJ) was supported by a coalition of all the parties that fought the Fascist forces in the war (Popular Front: Communist, Republican, PSOE, Basque Nationalist Action).

1937 The bombing of Gernika Adolf Hitler-Francisco Franco / Jose Antonio Agirre 16 April 1937 Aerial bombing during the Spanish Civil War, reason for the famous anti-war painting by Pablo Picasso.

1939 End of the Spanish Civil War Beginning of WW2 Francisco Franco Adolf Hitler (ruler of Germany 1933-1945) Won by the Francoist side. This caused the beginning of the francoist dictatorship until 1975. A war that involved a majority of powerful nations in the world, it began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany.

1945 Hiroshima, first nuclear bomb on civilians End of WW2 The USA (with Truman as president) with the consent of the United Kingdom dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. More than 150,000 civilians were killed in an attack whose ethical justification is still debated. A month after the attack, Japan surrendered.

Unit Procedures

2PROCEDURES OF THE UNIT CAUSE - CONSEQUENCE RELATIONSHIP RESEARCH WORK ANALYSING IMAGES, POSTERS MULTIPERSPECTIVITY

The Great War 1914-1918

THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918 Ausflug nach Mi in den Paris mir kukk die Ar Kiliederche auf dem Boulevard 9.

Long-Term Factors and Causes (19th Century)

3LONG-TERM FACTORS OR CAUSES (19th century)

Industrialization and Ideologies

Industrialisation (19th century; especially 1870 onwards) WHERE? In the highest industrialized countries Bourgeois ideologies, especially CAPITALISM GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE GERMANY Against liberalism, some ideologies made stronger, e.g., COMMUNISM, FASCISM ITALY RUSSIA AUSTRIA USA JAPAN TURKEY Need of NATURAL RESOURCES and NEW MARKETS The Netherlands Belgium Spain Portugal

Control of Colonies in Africa

Control of colonies in Africa AFRICA 1914 LIBYA EGYPT FRENCH WEST AFRICA ANGLO- EGYPTIAN SUDAN NIGERIA Modern IMPERIALISM BRITISH BELGIAN CONGO FRENCH GERMAN FAST AFRICA SPANISH PORTUGUESE BELGE GERMAN ITALIAN INDEPENDENT UNION OF@ SOUTH AFRICA

Industrial revolution during the 19th century led to modern imperialism for several reasons. Highly industrialised countries (Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy ... ) found they were able to obtain cheaper resources or new markets from their colonies (especially in Africa). As a consequence, industrial powers began a race to gain colonies so they could obtain the resources needed in their industries and the political prestige that the control of territories could give them. This struggle carried out a tense historical rivalry which ended in the dramatic WW1.

Historical Rivalries

Historical RIVALRIES among powerful countries or empires ECONOMIC REASONS (Natural resources) POLITICAL REASONS (Prestige)

Short-Term Factors and Causes (Late 19th - Early 20th Century)

4SHORT-TERM FACTORS OR CAUSES (End 19th century-beginning 20th century)

Arms Race and Militarism

Warships Massive destruction arms "CLIMATE Warplanes OF Zeppelins Chemical weapons (tear gas, poison gas ... ) WAR" Uniforms Tanks Gas masks Grenades ARMS RACE (MILITARISM) 3 hinDenburg H70A

Alliances

ALLIANCES 5Mutual Defense Alliances against others: Triple Entente: Great Britain, France and Russia Triple Alliance: German Empire, Austria- Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente Triple Alliance Norway Sweden Denmark? Great Britain The Netherlands Russia giun France Switz Austria Hungary Romania Spain Bulgaria Albania Greece

NORWAY SWEDEN EUROPE 1914 BALTIC SEA NORTH SEA DEN. RUSSIA UNITED KINGDOM NETH GERMANY BELG .! ATLANTIC OCEAN LUX. FRANCE SWITZ. AUSTRIA- HUNGARY (DUAL MONARCHY) PORTUGAL ROMANIA BLACK SEA SERBIA SPAIN MÓNTENEC NATION ALLIANCES IN 1914 ALBANIA Triple Alliance GREECE TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE) Triple Entente SPANISH MOROCCO ALGERIA (FR) MOROCCO (FR) TUNISIA (FR)

Influence of the Balkan Crisis

Influence of the Balkan crisis on the war (Before 1914) Bosnia-Herzegovina under Austrian empire Bosnians: Slavic nation (As Serbians and Russians) Russia and Serbia anti-Austrian Austrian, Russian and Turkish empires desired East Europe control. Great Britain also.

6 Portugal Italy Serbia Base map: historicair Sarajevo ITALY BULGARIA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Russian allies a German EmpireÇ **** The Balkans 1900 - 1913 ****** N RUSSIA - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ROMANIA SERBIA Black Sea MONTENEGRO BULGARIA ITALY TURKEY IN EUROPE C- TURKEY GREECE 0 500 km Scale Mediterranean Sea

The Ottoman Empire had been in decline for a long time. Austria was worried that Serbia might try to spread its influence by taking over the neighbouring territory of Bosnia, thus weakening the Austro-Hungarian Empire itself. Following a revolt against Ottoman rule in 1875 it had been decided that Austria would be allowed to administer the Ottoman province of Bosnia Herzegovina In 1908 there was a revolution in the Ottoman Empire. It was organised by a group called the 'Young Turks' who were determined to reform the Empire. Austria-Hungary took advantage of this to annex (take over) the provinces of Bosnia Herzegovina to stop them from falling into the hands of Serbia or staying in the hands of a strengthened Ottoman Empire.

M.A.I.N. Causes of the First World War

M.A.I.N. causes of the First World War Militarism Alliances WE NEED A BIGGER ARMY! LET'S WORK TOGETHER! Imperialism Nationalism WE WILL RULE THE WORLD! WE ARE THE BEST!

Trigger Event: June 28, 1914

7TRIGGER EVENT 28th June 1914 28-06-1914 Austria-Hungarian throne's heir (emperor's nephew) visited Bosnia with the intention of gaining Bosnian people's loyalty. A member of a Serbian nationalist terrorist group, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife. Austria, member of the Triple Alliance, blamed Serbia for the assassination and asked for compensation, but since it wasn't received, she declared war on Serbia. Austria was supported by the Triple Alliance and Serbia by the Triple Entente.

Allied Powers and Central Powers

ALLIED POWERS Triple Russia (-1917), Entente France Great Britain CENTRAL POWERS Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary German empire Italy* (-1915) 1 1 1 Serbia Japan USA (+1917) Romania (+1916) Turkey Bulgary

Reasons for Involvement

Each one their reasons: It had a small Empire and was jealous of the fact that Britain's was bigger. Its industrial development was strong, but it needed more markets abroad. German empire A central European empire comprising ten different nationalities which wanted independence. It was ruled by the Emperor Franz Joseph II. Austria- Hungary Italy Aware of its strategic position in the Mediterranean Sea and to reinforce its imperialist policy, it joined the competition for colonial rule, although it could not yet be considered as an industrialized country. Turkey It wanted to obtain the territories that considered his own and had lost since 1878 in favor of Russia and was former economic partner of Austria-Hungary and Turkey Bulgary They wanted to unify the Romanian state. Romania It was a poor country, despite being the biggest in Europe, and was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. Although it had no lands overseas, it wanted more territory in Europe and Asia, with access to the sea. Russian empire It had an overseas empire. It was angry because it had lost the Alsace region in a war in 1871 and was hostile and suspicious towards its neighbours to the east. France It ruled an empire with over one-quarter of the world's people and was strong industrially. It was an island, so it needed a strong navy to protect itself (and its colonies) against invasion. Great Britain It wanted to expand its sphere of influence in China and the Pacific Japan Serbia Austria-Hungary declared war Germany tried to incite a border war between Mexico and the United States, in addition to the fact that Germany had previously sunk the Lusitania, a ship containing US civilians USA 8 1 German imperialist pressure wanted to prevent the Ottoman Turks from joining the enemy. The Allies accused the Ottoman Empire of harboring German warships and Russia pressured them interested in the strait that separated the Mediterranean and Black Sea.