L'unità cerebrale del ciclo sonno-veglia, Sapienza Università di Roma

Le tre Unità del cervello secondo Alexander Luria (1974)

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Insegnamento di Fisiologia (Neuroscienze cognitive)
Lezione 2. L'Unità cerebrale del ciclo sonno-
veglia
Claudio Babiloni
Dipartimento di Fisiologia Umana e Farmacologia «Erspamer»
Sapienza Università di Roma
Babiloni C .: Insegnamento di Neuroeconomia e NeuromarketingLe tre Unità del cervello
Secondo Alexander Luria (1974)

• La Prima Unità
• Tronco dell'encefalo e prosencefalo basale dei
  sistemi ascendenti attivanti della noradrenalina,
  dopamina, serotonina, acetilcolina e istamina
• Attiva il talamo, la corteccia cerebrale e
  controllano lo stato di vigilanza e all'erta durante il
  ciclo sonno-veglia.
• La Seconda Unità
  Corteccia parietale, occipitale e temporale -
  Riceve, elabora, integra e memorizza
  l'informazione sensoriale dall'ambiente e dal
  corpo.
• La Terza Unità
  Corteccia frontale
  - Seleziona, pianifica, esegue, controlla, e dirige il
  comportamento sulla base dei processi attentivi,
  di coscienza, di «insight»
• Altri Autori distinguono una quarta Unità nel
  lobo limbico (ippocampo, amigdala, e fornice) e
  para-limbico (aree cingolate, para-ippocampali e
  orbitofrontali): funzione di rappresentazione e
  memorizzazione di emozioni e sentimenti

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Sistine Chapel ceiling (1508 - 1512; Michelangelo);
Meshberger, 1990 - JAMA
FLY
Striatum
Prefrontal
cortex
Nucleus
accumbens
2
Meso-cortic pathway
VTA
Meso-limbic pathway
SNc
Nigrostriatal pathway
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La formazione reticolare (troncoencefalo)

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• Il sistema o formazione reticolare
  attivatore ascendente: è una rete di
  neuroni del tronco dell'encefalo che
  controlla la veglia (vigilanza) e il ritmo
  sonno-veglia
  - inibisce/amplifica i segnali sensoriali e
  motori in base al ritmo sonno-veglia
  - Recluta aree cerebrali su comandi della
  corteccia cerebrale
• La formazione reticolare esercita la sua
  funzione mediante connessioni dirette a
  corteccia, ipotalamo, talamo e altre
  strutture cerebrali importanti
  Formazione reticolare
  Talamo
  Corteccia cerebrale
  Ipotalamo
  Cervelletto
  Midollo allungato
  + Stimoli (dall'esterno alla formazione reticolare)
  Carlson, Psicologia fisiologica, Piccin, 2003

La registrazione elettroencefalografica

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0:00L'elettroencefalogramma (EEG)
Registra sullo scalpo i potenziali originati dalla
corteccia cerebrale

• L'EEG: misura le variazioni
  del voltaggio a livello dello
  scalpo.
• L'origine dell'EEG: i
  potenziali dello scalpo
  dipendono dai potenziali
  postsinaptici di vaste
  popolazioni di neuroni
  piramidali della corteccia
  cerebrale. I potenziali post-
  sinaptici riflettono i flussi di
  corrente entrante e uscente
  dai dendriti del neurone
  come effetto dei flussi di
  ioni calcio e potassio
  attraverso la membrana
  neurale.

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Amplifier EEG
EEG electrode
Scalp
Skull
Dura
mater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid
space
Pia mater
Afferent axon
Efferent
axor
Babiloni C .: Insegnamento di Neuroeconomia e Neuromarketing
Google ImageSTVD
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Visual cortex
a waves (relaxed wakefulnesss)
mGlu
1s
| 20 pV
Neocortex
Thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
a waves (150 µM trans-ACPD)
+
+
Nucleus
Reticularis
Thalami
GABARY
mGlu
Thalamic Relay
Nucleus
ACh
megamindy
500 ms
Ascending reticular
activating systems
Courtesy by Prof. Vincenzo Crunelli
Lorincz ML, Kékesi KA, Juhász G, Crunelli V, Hughes SW. Temporal framing of thalamic relay-mode firing by phasic inhibition during the alpha rhythm. Neuron. 2009 Sep
10;63(5):683-96. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.012.Delta (1.5 Hz)
Alpha (8 Hz)
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-1
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Delta + Alpha + Beta
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-4
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EEG power spectrum (Delta + Alpha + Beta)
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Scalp
EEG
Skull
ECOG (epidural or subdural)
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
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or local field potential)
Cortex
White matter
http://learn.neurotechedu.com/introtobci/
Print publication year: 2007 Online publication date: June 2012
3 - Electroencephalography and High-Density Electrophysiological Source
Localization
from FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
By Diego A. Pizzagalli
Edited by John T. Cacioppo, Ohio State University, Louis G. Tassinary, Texas A & M University, Gary Berntson, Ohio State University
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Neurobiology of Aging
ELSEVIER
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging
Review
What electrophysiology tells us about Alzheimer's disease: a
window into the synchronization and connectivity of brain
neurons
Claudio Babilonia,b .* , Katarzyna Blinowska“, Laura Bonanni d. Andrej Cichocki e,F.g.
Willem De Haan h, Claudio Del Percio", Bruno Dubois , Javier Escudero k.
Alberto Fernández', Giovanni Frisoni ",", Bahar Guntekin °, Mihaly Hajos ,
Harald Hampel iJ.9, Emmanuel Ifeachor", Kerry Kilborn ", Sanjeev Kumar',
Kristinn Johnsen ", Magnus Johannsson ", Jaeseung Jeong ", Fiona LeBeau W.
Roberta Lizio", Fernando Lopes da Silvay, Fernando Maestú", William J. McGeown ".
Ian McKeith ", Davide Vito Moretti ", Flavio Nobili aa,ab, John Olichney ªc.
Marco Onofrjd, Jorge J. Palopad, Michael Rowana, Fabrizio Stocchi af,
Zbigniew M Struzik ag.ah,ai,aj, Heikki Tanila ak, Stefan Teipel alam, John Paul Taylor W.
Marco Weiergraberan, Gorsev Yeneraº, Tracy Young-Pearse aP.
Wilhelmus H. Drinkenburg ª9.1, Fiona Randall ar,1
"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino (FR), Italy
"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw and Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences and CESI, University G D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
· Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (SKOLTECH), Moscow, Russia
"Systems Research Institute PAS, Warsaw, Poland
"Nicolaus Copernicus University (UMK), Torun, Poland
"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
'Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease (IM2A), Department of Neurology, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris,
France
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France
*School of Engineering, Institute for Digital Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
'Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Complutense and Universidad Politécnica
de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
"IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
"Memory Clinic and LANVIE - Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
"Department of Biophysics, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
"GRC nº 21. Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP. Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
"School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
"School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
'Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
"Mentis Cura chf, Reykjavik, Iceland
" Department of Bio and Brain Engineering/Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST),
Daejeon, South Korea
" Institute for Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
*IRCCS SDN, Napoli, Italy
TO ADVANCE
AND TREATMENT
PROFESSIONAL
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International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN) - EEG
research workgroup: Recommendations on frequency and topographic
analysis of resting state EEG rhythms. Part 1: Applications in clinical
research studies
Claudio Babilonia,b .* , Robert J. Barry“, Erol Başard, Katarzyna J. Blinowska , Andrzej Cichocki ".s.
Wilhelmus H.I.M. Drinkenburgh, Wolfgang Klimesch', Robert T. Knight3, Fernando Lopes da Silvak,
Paul Nunez', Robert Oostenveld ™, Jaeseung Jeong ", Roberto Pascual-Marqui º, Pedro Valdes-Sosa P.q.
Mark Hallett™
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hospital San Raffaele Cassino, Cassino, FR, Italy
"Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
Department of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
" Faculty of Physics, Department of Biomedical Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
'Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (SKOLTECH), Moscow, Russia
FRIKEN AIP, Tokyo, Japan
Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720-1650, CA, USA
*Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Cognitive Dissonance LLC, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA
"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
"The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland
"Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, UESTC Chengdu,
China
"Cuban Neuroscience Center (CNEURO), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Human, Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, Bethesda, USA
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ABr Br Cr
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Clinical Neurophysiology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinph
ELSEVIER
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