Tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione: tipi di computer

Tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione

Tecnologie BYTE
dell'informazione e
della comunicazione
Introduzione
20

NPO1
6.3V
@100
5KW 3
prof. Mazzaro E.ICT e Computer
T.I.C. - tecnologia dell'informazione e della comunicazione
ICT - Information and Communication Technology
Insieme delle tecnologie che si occupano di elaborare, memorizzare e comunicare le
informazioni(cos'è un'informazione?) con mezzi digitali (computer, reti, ... )

SFP 1
LINK
AV DOWN
O
B
1G
.
RESET110101
GIGABYTE

Informatica

Informazione - dati
B BIO
automatica
gestione automatizzata
6.3V
₾100
5KW 3
P
prof. Mazzaro E.Informatica
Definizione:
Scienza che studia l'informazione e, più specificamente,
l'elaborazione dei dati, la loro memorizzazione e il loro
trattamento automatico mediante elaboratori elettronici.
Dal francese informatique, tratto da infor(mation)
(autom)atique 'informazione automatica'
Più tecnicamente:
scienza che studia la teoria, l'analisi, la progettazione,
l'efficienza, la realizzazione e l'applicazione degli
algoritmi, cioè dei procedimenti che descrivono e
trasformano l'informazione

Algoritmo

Insieme di azioni semplici che risolvono un determinato problema, trasformando
dati di partenza (dati in input) in dati di arrivo (dati di output) attraverso le relazioni
esistenti tra di essi.
Un algoritmo per dirsi tale deve essere:

• preciso e non ambiguo
• finito (composto da un numero finito di azioni)
• generale (valido per una classe di problemi)
• completo (considera tutti i casi possibili)
• deterministico (fornisce sempre gli stessi risultati
  se i dati iniziali sono gli stessi)

Start
Documents
Process
Decision
Process A
ProcessB
End

ICT e Computer

Che cosa si utilizza per eseguire gli algoritmi e gestire digitalmente le informazioni?
Si utilizza il PC o computer:
COMPUTER - CALCOLATORE - ELABORATORE
Macchina elettronica programmabile che svolge automaticamente funzioni di
elaborazione dei dati

SFP 1
LINK
Elaboratore
elettronico
digitale
AV DOWN
1G
RESET
Macchina in grado di
elaborare e rappresentare i
dati mediante un
programma
Realizzato con componenti
elettronici
Elabora e memorizza
informazioni solo mediante
un "alfabeto" di due soli
simboli (0-1)

Componenti del Computer

Possiamo quindi dire che ciò che noi chiamiamo PC o computer è un elaboratore
elettronico generico (general purpose) che a partire informazioni di ingresso
(INPUT) propone dei risultati in uscita (OUTPUT)
13
15
SFP 1
Dati
INPUT
ELABORATORE
Risultati
OUTPUT
AV DOWN
16
Istruzioni
CPU + MEMORIA
RESET

Hardware e Software

Cosa rendo un Computer un computer
Cosa rende un computer,
un computer?HARDWARE e SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
la parte "solida" del computer,
componenti elettronici interni,
periferiche, cavi, ...
O
O
1
USB
2
..
........
.
C
SOFTWARE
i programmi che danno "vita" all'hardware
cioè fanno compiere all'hardware i
compiti desiderati
W
Ps
AC
Java®

Campi di applicazione

• calcolo automatico (previsioni del tempo, ricerca, ... )
• automazione del lavoro d'ufficio (office automation)
• gestione commerciale, finanziaria e della produzione
• comunicazione (reti per lo scambio di dati, voce, ... )
• controllo industriale (CAD = Computer Aided Design, CAM = Computer Aided
  Manufacturing)
• simulazione (ricerca, addestramento, esercitazioni, ... )
• istruzione (e-learning)
• sostegno alla disabilità (accessibilità, sintesi vocale, ... )
• multimedialità ed intrattenimento

Video sui Computer

Alcuni video
Scuola200
#noccioline
LA STORIA
DEI COMPUTER
SPIEGATA
FACILE
with
Claulab
La storia del computer (semplificato)
O
O
O
Il primo computer

Cenni storici del PC

ROR
...
.. ..
Telaio Jacquard - 1804
THE TURING BOMBER
ECT
Macchina "Enigma" - Alan Touring - 1963

Evoluzione del PC: 1959-1975

0000
Elaboratore Elettronico Aritmetico
Primo elaboratore completamente a
transistor.
Utilizzava ancora le schede perforate.
Potenza di calcolo circa 8/10.000
istruzioni al secondo.
Consumo 20KW
Dimensione di un campo da tennis
Olivetti ELEA 9003 - 1959

Novembre 1971
Intel introduce il primo
microprocessore della
storia, l'Intel 4004
Giugno 1973
La divisione PARC di Xeron sviluppa Alto,
dotato di interfaccia grafica e mouse. Si
trattava di un progetto di ricerca e non
commerciale
Gennaio 1974
Brian W. Kernighan e Dennis M Ritchie
sviluppano il linguaggio C
1975
Altair 8800: il primo
microcomputer della storia
compare sulla copertina di
Practical Electronics
C4004
P0339
..... ...
Gennaio 1975
Bill Gates e Paul Allen cominciano
lo sviluppo del Basic per l'Altair
Aprile 1975
Bill Gates e Paul Allen
fondano la Microsoft
MICRO
SOFT
Giugno 1975
Gordon Moore prevede che la densità
dei transistor raddoppierà ogni 18 mesi
(Legge di Moore)
Gennaio 1976
Steve Wozniak presenta il suo computer
alla Hewlett-Packard che respinge il progetto
Aprile 1976
Steve Wozniak e Steve Jobs fondano
la Apple Computer

Evoluzione del PC: 1976-1982

Aprile 1976
La Commodore introduce il PET
Giugno 1977
Apple lancia l'Apple II
Maggio 1978
Intel commercializza
il microprocessore 8086 a 16 bit
Giugno 1979
Intel introduce il microprocessore 8088;
architettura derivata da quella a 16 bit
dell'8086, ma connessioni esterne a 8 bit
64K High Memory Area is available.
This driver is provided by Oak Technology, Inc ..
OTI-91X ATAPI CD-ROM device driver, Rev D91XV352
(c)Copyright Oak Technology Inc. 1987-1997
Device Name
: 12345678
Trasfer Mode
: Programmed 1/0
Number of drives
:: 1
C:\>C:\DOS\SMARTDRV . EXE /X
MODE prepare code page function completed
MODE select code page function completed
MSCDEX Version 2.23
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp. 1986-1993. All rights reserved.
Drive D: = Driver 12345678 unit 0
CuteMouse v1.9 [FreeDOS]
Installed at PS/2 port
C:\>
D 80 86 -2
L 70 10 2 76
@INTEL '78 184
A:C17: (C2) +C5-C15
READY
A
A
R
D
E
F
INCOME SUMMARY 1988: Sloane Camera and Video
Q1
02
03
04
YTD
Net Sales
$10,000.00 $13,000.00 $16,000.00 $19,000.00 $58,000.00
Costs and Expenses:
Salary
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
1,500.00
6,000.66
10
Int
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
1,400.00
5,000.00
11
Rent
350.00
350.00
350.00
350.00
1,400.00
12
Ads
500.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
6,500.00
13
COG
3,000.00
4,000.00
5,000.00
7,000.00
19,000.66
14
15
Op Exp
6,350.00
8,050.00
10,250.00
13,250.00
37,900.00
16
17
Op Income
$3,650.00
$4.950.00
$5,750.00
$5,750.00 $20,100.00
18
19
26
Agosto 1981
IBM presenta l'IBM PC 5150
con sistema operativo MS-Dos.
Agosto 1981
IBM annuncia la scheda grafica CGA (Color
Graphics Adapter) con supporto alla risoluzio-
ne di 640x200 pixel e 16 colori
Settembre 1981
Microsoft comincia lo sviluppo di un'interfaccia
grafica per l'MS-Dos. È l'inizio di Windows
Ottobre 1981
Intel e AMD siglano un accordo di 10 anni per
lo scambio tecnologico sull'architettura x86
Gennaio 1982
Microsoft sigla un accordo con Apple per lo svi-
luppo di applicativi per i computer Macintosh
Febbraio 1982
Intel introduce il microprocessore 80286
Ottobre 1982
Lotus Development lancia Lotus 1-2-3
SUM1988S.WK3
1234567891
5
8
9
6
7

Evoluzione del PC: 1984-1989

Gennaio 1984
Apple introduce il Macintosh
Agosto 1984
IBM introduce l'IBM PC AT con processore
Intel 80286 e interfaccia di rete locale
Novembre 1985
Microsoft lancia Windows 1.0
Gennaio 1986
Viene isolato Brain, il primo virus
per computer IBM PC
Agosto 1986
Intel commercializza l'80386, il primo
microprocessore con architettura a 32 bit
Aprile 1987
IBM introduce lo standard VGA
(256 colori a 320x240 e 16 colori a 640x480)
Dicembre 1987
Microsoft lancia Windows 2.0
1989
Intel lancia il microproces-
sore i486, il primo della
storia a superare il milione
di transistor.
From Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
Reproduced with permission.
@ 2001 Apple Computer, Ino.
hello.
....
-

Evoluzione dei Tablet Computer

The Evolution of the Tablet Computer
24 year old tablet - Z88
The Cambridge 288 was introduced in 1987, and
was a sersous attempt to revolutionize portable
computing. True, & doesn't have a touchscreen er
wireless connectivity, but it does have a sfert
rubber keyboard and a 640 x 64 monochrome LCD
panel built into a tiny frame that's perfect for the
boardroom or airplanes
1987
GRIDPad 1910
This is a GROPa# 1310 manufactured for GILIO
Systems Corporation by Samsung in the warly
1990s. With 2MB of RAM and a standard 2018
HD, the tablet has a stylus based input system, a
640 x 485 monochrome display and it rans DOS.
Early
1990's
Fujitsu PQ 3010
PoqetPad
in 1991 the Poget Computer Corporation, in
partnership with Fujitsu, introduced the PogetPad.
PoşetPad was a handheld, touch screen computer
with an NEC V20 CPU chip running at 7 Mixte. You
can still buy these vintage tablets for around $300.
This tablet was one of the first developed by Fujitsu
that have since gone from strength to strength.
1991
GRIDPAD 2050SL
The GRIDPAD Ine ware one of the carsest tablet
style computers. One of the earliest was the
GRIDPAD 2050SL. They had a modified MS-DOS
operating system designed to work with a pen. They
launched in 2992, and you can currently buy them
theough vintage computer stares for anything
between $25 and $100
AT&T EO Personal
Communicator 440
A vintage tablet computer from phone giants AT&T,
from around 1993. The EO Personal Communicator
440 can still be found occasionally on ebay and other
auction sites
SONICblue ProGear
wireless webpad
Launched in 2000, the SONICblue ProGear wireless
webpad (bit of a mouthful) was marketed as "a
wireless portable information appliance targeted ta
vertical market segments". The ProGear uses
Embedded Linux as its internal operating system,
includes a 10.4" TFT diplay, and obtains its wer input
via either a virtual keyboard or handwriting
recognition on its touchscreen.
2000
Archos AV 320
Over the last decade, more and more tablets
were developed, and its clear to see how these
designs paved the way for the iPad. For example,
the Archos Jukebox Multimedu became the first
jukebox ityle player capable of playing MPEG-4
video files. It's clear to see the likeness with the
iPad: this milestone tablet fully achieved its purpose
of liberating digital video files from PCs. It launched
around the early 2006%, and retailed for around $606.
Early
2000's
Paceblade Pacebook
The Paceblade Facebook tablet PC danes back to
2002, and uses quite a nifty touchscreen that can
be operated By finger or any stylus. The
downsides of this tablet wire its weight (more
tham 2 kg) and poor performance. The
combination of the 867 MHZ Transmeta CPU and
the Silicon Motion graphics chip (8 MB video
memory) performs so poorly that image loading is
jerky when straling through a document -
unacceptable for the time. The battery life was
also anincredibly poor 3 hours.
Nokia 770 Internet Tablet
In 2005 Nokia launched its 770 Intemet Tablet. This tablet
gave a great internet experience on the go, and is an early
model that formed the foundation of modem smartphones.
It allowed you to chat to friends using instant messengers or
internet calls (not yet filly integrating traditional mobile
phone features), and only weighed 230 g. For the time, it had
a good screen resolution and a decent Texas Instruments
OMAP 1710 CPU running at 252 MHr. Its successor was the
Nokia N800 in 2007.
2005
Samsung Q1
In 2006, Samsung teamed up with intel and Microsoft to create the
Samsung Q1 tablet. it was designed for business users that needed a
PDA with more features akin to a full PC. It weighs around 800 g and is
quine large at 22.75 x 13.55 cm, and some said & wasn't actually very
portable. However, it offers a very divene functionality at quite a
good price of ERCO.
2006
ASUS R2H
C
2007
iPad 1
Apple released the first Pad in April 2010, and sold 3 milion of the devices in 80 days
During the October 18, 2010, Financial Conference Call, Steve Jobs announced that
Apple had told more IPads than Macs for the Fiscal Quarter.
2010
Apple Axiotron Modbook
There have been several other tablets since the ASUS
82H, between 2007 and 2008, at which point the iPad
was born, and all these tablets were quite simply
forgotten evernight, destined for museums. Did you
hear about the Axiotron Medbook that was
manufactured in 20072 It's the first tablet computer
based on Mac hardware and Mac OS X. Axiotron also
announced a newer version, Medbook Pro, that is due
to be released as 2011.
Samsung Galaxy Tab
The Samsung Galaxy Tab made its debut in late October,
and has sold over a million units to date world wide as the
most feature complete tablet on the market carried by
Google and multiple canter support. The questionable price
excluded many buyers from considering &, and a wifi-only
version has yet to be launched.
iPad 2
Apple inc. CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the Pad 2.
the second generation of the device, at a March 2.
2011.About 33% thinner than its predecessor, the
iPad 2 has a better processor, a dual core Apple AS
that Apple says is twice as fast as its predecessor for
CPU operations and up to nine times as fast for GPU
operations
-
2011
Motorola Xoom
The first tablet running the Android 3.0 Honeycomb OS.
Motorola is targeting one million sales by mid-2013, which
is an ambitious goal, particularly since these devices will
cast in the Saco range
GRID 2260 System
The GRID Systems 2260, launched in 1992, was
one of the first convertible tablets, # was also
marketed by AST as the PerExec. It was the first
notebook with a pes-sensitive screen that could
pivot and lie fat against the keyboard for use as a
slate. The 2260 had an Intel 386 processor.
It was a rugged unit with a magnesium case. It had
a nice screen for the time, a 30.5in active-matrix
monochrome VGA display. this unit had # HO of
unknown capacity and 768K of RAM. Units came with
an AC Adapter, an Original Pen (Styks), External Disk
Drive, Printer AdapterCable, Battery Pack, a à set of 4
original Manual and a Bunch of Original Disks.
1992
1993
Linus Write-Top
Another ancient tablet, this time from Lines,
Like the ZBR, this tablet was launched in 1987.
The groovy thing about this tablet is that it recognises
your handwritten scrawls and converts them into text
at arata of up to 5-characters per second. # held a $12km
storage card, and tan MS-DOS 3.30, with arechargeable
battery that powered the amit for around 5 hours,
Unfortunately this tablet sold poorly (apparently less
than 2000 units, priced at more than 52700, which was
very expensive at the timej, and it disappeared in 1989.
2002
Sony UX
Although it's not technically a tablet, the Sony UX is still a nice
looking piece of kit from 2006, with a 4.5-inch touchscreen. Since
its launch in 2006, a voice-capable HSPA modem has been added,
plus a faster CPU and larger solid state hard disk. The original
1.2GHZ Core 2 Solo U2200 processor (which was soldered in
place) has been swapped with a 1.33GHz Core Z Dus overclocked
to 1.438GHz. And the 48GB SSD is replaced with a fast RunCore
Prol 128GB 550. Amazingly, the battery life is said to be pretty
much the same.
A more recent example of a tablet computer
is the Asus R2H, an uhra mobile computer
(UMPC) device powered by an Intel Celeron M
processor from 2007. it's fairly loaded with
features, even induding integrated GPS. Asus
definitely aimed high by making this device more
feature loaded than other UMPC devices. But
cramming everything you can into a device with
a small screen, underpowered processor and
putting a bunch of startup software and processes
on it can result in a not so stellar user experience.
....