Development of Medieval Theology & Philosophy in the High Middle Ages

Introduction to Medieval Theology and Philosophy

development of Medieval Theology & Philosophy ENSlaNd IN the high Middle Ages: Middle English Culture and LiteratureINTRO: The gradual change of persistent preCONCEPTIONS · The dark Middle Ages . .... were light -The FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN SCIENCE IN The MIDDLE AGES THEIR RELIGIOUS, INSTITUTIONAL, AND INTELLECTUAL CONTEXTS GOD & REASON IN THE MIDDLE AGES EDWARD GRANT EDWARD GRANT CAMBRIDGE EDWARD GRANT From Aristotle to Copernicus EDITED BY GARY B. FERNGREN Science & Religion 400 BC - AD 1550 SCIENCE RELIGION A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION0

Significance: Contextual Pre-conditions for Scientific Revolution

SISNIFICANCE: Contextual pre- CONDITIONS For SCIENTIFIC revolution

Greco-Arabic Translations and Manuscript Culture

I. The translation of Greco- Arabic works of science and natural philosophy into Latin (manuscript culture)

Formation of Medieval University and Curriculum

II. The formation of medieval university and its curriculum

Emergence of Theologian-Natural Philosophers

III. The emergence of theologian-natural philosophersnunn HADRIAN'S WALL BALTIC SEA NORTH SEA London ATLANTIC OCEAN GERMANIA SARMATIA ROMAN WALD Milan ROMAN WALL Ravenna BLACK SEA CORSICA ADRIATIC SEA Byzantium (Constantinople) BALEARIC IS "Cordova Nicomedia SARDINIA SICILY Athens Carthage MEDITERRANEAN RHODES CYPRUS CRETE AFRICA Western Empir SEA .Jerusak THE ROMAN EMPIRE c. 400 C.E. Alexandria East Roman Empire 0 200 400 RED SEA West Roman Empire MILES SAHARA

Translations and Manuscript Culture: A Historical Overview

I. TRANSLATIONS & manuscript culture A bit of history .... . Division of the Roman Empire 395 (loss of antique Greek legacy) Une of Division *RomeTHE SPREAD OF ISLAM, 622 - 750 CE Islamic world under Muhammad, 622-632 North Sea Territory added by first four Caliphs, 632-661 Territory added by Umayyad Caliphs, 661-750 Non-Islamic kingdoms RhinC R Paris . Tours . KINGDOM OF THE FRANKS Lotre ATLANTIC OCEAN Venice Danube R. Aral Seas Ravenna Black Sea RENE Rome Constantinople IBERIA BYZANTINE ARMENIA EMPIRE R. PCordova Tunis TIRYİŞ R Tangier. Kairwan SYRIA PERSIA Kabul" . Baghdad Herat . Jerusalem *Isfahan TRIPOLI Cairo EGYPT BALUCHISTAN FEZZAN ARABIA N Aswan. · Medina OMAN Mecca 0 250 500 miles NUBIA · Meroč HADHRAMAUT Arabian Sea 0 250 500 kilometers

Roman Empire Division and Islamic Conquest

I. TRANSLATIONS & manuscript culture A bit of history .... Amu R. (Oxus Samarkand . Tiflis Toledo Tagus R 0 Athens Merv. AFGHANISTAN MAGHREB Tripoli Mediterranean Sea Damascus Euphrates R Nile Persian Gulf Red Sea YEMEN Caspian Sea Zaragoza LOMBARD KINGD Military campaigns . Division of the Roman Empire 395 (loss of antique Greek legacy) . The Islamic Conquest (influx of Greco-Arabic | Greco-Islamic)Oviedo Tolosa O Francos Narbona Navarra O León León Aragón Zaragoza Barcelona Castilla Toledo Valencia Lisboa Córdoba Leyenda Sevilla Córdoba Murcia antes de 914 914 - 980 1080 - 1130 1130 - 1210 Gibraltar 1210 - 1250 1250 - 1480 1480 - 1492

Reconquista and Centers of Arabic Learning

I. TRANSLATIONS & manuscript culture A bit of history .... . Division of the Roman Empire 395 (loss of antique Greek legacy) . The Islamic Conquest (influx of Greco-Arabic | Greco-Islamic) · Reconquista (Toledo 1085 | Sicily 1091) Granada GranadaI. TRANSLATIONS 6 manuscript culture · Toledo and Sicily (centers of Arabic learning) Aristotle | Avicenna (Ibn Sena) | Averroes (Ibn Rushd) · International character e.g., Gerard of Cremona, Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Herman of Carithia, Dominicus Gundissalinus, John of Seville, Alfred the Englishman, Michael Scot, Herman the German · Random selection (driven by availability and brevity) · Duplication of efforts (separate location with no contact) 1+ 2 RIALS PORTRAIT D'AVICENNE يادكار بش مدارسالد ابن سيناITS

Precursors: Boethius and Cassiodorus

I. TRANSLATIONS 6 manuscript culture · Precursors: Boethius (480-524) and Cassiodorus (485-585) [Gothic rule] · Vivarium (monastic library) est. 544 Cassiodorus' Institutiones (Book I., trans. James W. And Barbara Halporn) · Orthography/spelling/correction · Bookbinding · Mechanical (perpetual) light 5 ARIFTOR &P.EKIPTORVM PRINGGES GGO.NAC OBITURA DEINCEPS LAVS MEANET FAMA.OV +1-O PREDICAG CAOW INVOO FAMA meA 1010 LITTER GR. SECULA VINO . INGENIUM CVIVS LIBRI DECU TETUA SRIPTYRA QVEMSIGNAT PICTA FIGLI TOIMM VNVS DEUS ACLIPE GRATVO Eadwine, "prince of the scribes" (Canterbury, mid 1100s - Trinity College MS. R17.I)

Manuscript Production and Monastic Shift

Making a manuscript (The Getty Museum)CopyINS as manual labor 6 shift from monasticism · Complicated and laborious process · Not a joyride (language barriers, pecia method of copying - cf. next slide) · vanning of the educational monopoly of the Benedictines > rising schools and universities of the new towns A scribe at work, from an illuminated manuscript from the Estoire del Saint Graal, France (Royal MS 14 E III c. 1315 - 1325 AD.Pecia method of copyINS maNuscripts · pecia/petia = piece . one piece at the time · use of unbound exemplars · stationarius: owner / renter of exemplars · university control: corrected exemplar, rental pricelist 5 ARIFTOR &P.EKIPTORVM PRINGGES GGO.NAC OBITURA DEINCEPS LAVS MEANET FAMA.OV +1-O PREDICAG CAOW INVOO FAMA meA 1010 LITTER GR. SECULA VINO . INGENIUM CVIVS LIBRI DECU TETUA SRIPTYRA QVEMSIGNAT PICTA FIGLI TOIMM VNVS DEUS ACLIPE GRATVO Eadwine, "prince of the scribes" (Canterbury, mid 1100s - Trinity College MS. R17.I)The structure of a medieval manuscript (The Getty Museum)

Medieval University and Curriculum: Scholasticism

II. MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY & curriculum SCHOLASTICISM · Method of critical thought in medieval universities · Emphasis on dialectical reasoning (debate/dialogue) · Monastic precursors (following Cassiodorus): · Carolingian Renaissance (Peter of Pisa, Alcuin of York, Johannes Scotus Eriugena) · Chalremagne's decree (787) establishes schools in abbeys . 11th century: Peter Abelard, Lanfranc of Canterbury and Anselm of Canterbury · Rediscovery of classical learning

University Specialization and Demographics

Universities · Often emerge from schools under ecclesiastical control · Corporations comprising students not magistri (universitas=corporation) · Specialization (Bologna > law school; Montpellier > law, medicine; Paris > theology; Oxford & Cambridge (early 13th c.) > natural philosophy and theology · not in Germany and Spain · Primarily male and always Christian (cf. women, Jews) · Héloise, Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi), Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (Rambam/Maimonides) & Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

Seven Liberal Arts: Trivium and Quadrivium

Seven Liberal Arts ( artes liberales vs artes illiberales) · TRIVIUM (artes sermocinales): · grammar (language), rhetoric (oratory), dialectic (logic) · QUADRIVIUM (artes reales / physicae): · arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music abolta KERS Gram 5150 manica cia ave quindi philo PER Me's laba.quiosit. edilcity RogeN. Caotak 002 SIRes Altrono Saly es a Rte's. + . ARTCRCGens.bla. paulo bor almenea 1 AIR Ve. S CORAS ARGOVe Geometria Dialetica SIHO Ld Socratef Philo caput SociT aRTes pbrzo : difcrimina gonitRo orga Aritb Lira Omusicasyin Late doct 12 RIS conftoQUIO2 8 5,00 Idas+ pu imundo Imftinch Vel 2001 T. SCRIPTO FIRO a Vit et CONCORRERE Sophia IRte 20309 81QUIS 2 00 20 P ata Notasn VITINS zementorvosc Rethonica ROE Reto tabula Omnif Tapienna Face pollunt IspienkyG Ras Penosztal DIRI antes philoSophia HecezementORVOSCR ¿wantis youzer OCHRas Geometria 5. IN. Sept Socrates plato So Phi TORRE' VeNS VR ina contro Arith michica pa ktes . + . AR pablo Sophia Omnif fapienna A ino oco eff Soli qo delideram Ace pollunt lapients ARGUOZe Didletica ta SI NO CONCURR Philosophia et septem artes liberales, as illustrated in the Hortus deliciarum manuscrp. compiled by Herrad of Landsberg (1167-1185) Lira bia.ale. syNt. eco. philosop tabula 2 OR almeReQuiRes. [ S]]HP.ST 12 1 gay

Trivium: Training the Mind

Trivium · Formal character, it aimed at training the mind rather than imparting knowledge . Reading of classic authors appendix to Trivium . John of Salisbury: "If grammar is the key of all literature, and the mother and mistress of language, who will be bold enough to turn her away from the threshold of philosophy? Only he who thinks that what is written and spoken is unnecessary for the student of philosophy" (Metalogicus, I, 21)

Quadrivium and Natural Philosophy

quadrivium philosophia Naturalis ( Aristotle) · Artes Liberales (trivum + quadrivium) · Aristotle/natural philosophy > core curriculum of the emerging universities · Faculty of Arts -> Faculty of Medicine, Law and Theology 1. PHILOSOPHIA NATURALIS. 1. Metaphysical Astronomia. Geometria. QUAD 2. Mathematica Arithmetica. RIVIUM Musica. - 5 3. Physica (= Scientia naturalis inferior). 11. PHILOSOPHIA PRACTICA SIVE MORALIS. 1. Theologia supernaturalis. - 2. Ypotica (= ŒEconomica ?). 3. Politica. - 4. Ethica (sive Monastica). III. PHILOSOPHIA RATIONALIS. - v 1. Rhetorica. 2. Grammatica. TRIVIUM 3. Logica.God creating on the principles of geometry and arithmetics S S S S ous duons la at adi

Medieval University and Theology Curriculum

II. MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY & theology curriculum · Peter Lombard's Four Books of Sentences (ca. 1115-1158) << glosses · ("a systematically organized Augustine breviary") · Textbook in theology (UniParis) for 4 centuries (Alexander of Hale) · First commentary by Richard Fishacre (Oxford Uni btw 1241-45) . Practical theology: teachings about the Bible confined to exegesis and moral exhortation · Theoretical theology: difficult questions explicated in commentaries on the Sentences · Analytical and philosophical > theology as science realme. erteps yeni to A110 DEPE AS1 norcula in gazon

Theologians as Natural Philosophers

III. THEOLOGIANS > NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS · Theology degree < required to have aquired a master of arts degree (e.g. exception John Buridan) · Theologians/natural philosophers: Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Pecham, Theodoric of Freiberg, Thomas Bradwarine, Nicole Oresme · A Source Book in Medieval Science (Harvard UP, 1974) > check the TOC for thematic preoccupation @Bacon's Opus Majus (1267) · Opus Majus (to Pope Clement IV) - mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy. Seven sections: · Causae Erroris, Philosophiae cum Theologia Affinitas, De Utilitate Grammaticae, Mathematicae in Physicis Utilitas, De Scientia Perspectivae, De Scientia Experimentali, Moralis Philosophia (cf. Terry Jones: The Philosopher from Medieval Lives) 1 A. # Optimis Afro Hogy bacon l'Aggiunta Balling Aunfine war. die plomenos que puedenand from purifie. forpus mart. din !! 5dana 3

Alchemy: Root of Science

Alchemy · root of science -> ALCHEMY · How one subtance can be changed into another · Derived from mechanical laws the mind of God · Alchemy -> Arab and Egyptian roots (al-khimia -> black soil of the Nile) · Hermes, creator of arts and sciences · Greeks in Alexandira 3rd century AD · Passed onto medieval Europe via Arabs in Spain