Unit 4 Ancient Rome: Origins, Polytheism, and Christianity

The Origins of Rome

The Roman Civilization Rome created the largest empire in the Mediterranean world ▶ Roman civilization was a fusion of various cultural traditions ▶ Roman civilization is the foundation of Western civilization Hibemia OCEANUS HIBERNICUS OCEANUS GERMANICUS & SUEVICUIM Provinces of the Roman Empire This map is not based on a specific timeframe. Britannia OCEANUS ATLANTICUS Germania Inferio Germania Magna Sarmatia Europea OCEANUS BRITANNICUS Belgica OCEANUS GALLICUS Lugdunensis Germania Superior Rætia Sarmatia Asiatica MARE CASPIUM GALLIA OCEANUS CANTABRIUS . Aquitania Dacia Taurica Alpina PONTUS EUXINUS Tarraconensis MARE Monsia GALLICUS Italia Thracia Bythinia Lusitania Media Macedonia Galatia Assyria Baetica TYRRHENUM ÆGÆEUM D'S Clicia FRETUM HERCULEUM Syria Cæsariensis Africa Creta MAURETANIA Cyprus Tingitana Numidia MARE INTERNUM Judæa N Arabia Magna Cyrenaica 500 kilometer Ægyptus =3000 miles C UNRV.com Rome's legacy lives on in our current culture Mesopotamia SICHR ) SICULUM ONIUM snuld: Cappadocia > Sardinia MARE HADRIATICUM Illyricum UQUST CU Pontus Armenia Corsica HISPANIA Narbonensis Pannonia Noricum Arabia Petræa AchæaSatellite photo of the Mediterranean

Peoples of the Italian Peninsula

In the north, the Etruscans developed an advanced urban civilization The Latium region was inhabited by Latin cities, including Rome ▶ In the south, the Greeks had established colonies like Tarentum or Syracuse S T JENETOS Etruscos Rio P LIGURES Ocupaban la zona si- tuada entre los ríos Tíber y Arno. Volterrae Río Arno Rio Tiber UMBROS. Vulci." · Volsini SABINOS CORCEGA Caere Roma SAMNITAS Latinos Tarento CERDEÑA Estaban asentados en el Lacio, región del centro de la península. Crotona · Reggio SICILIA Siracusa Griegos Etruscos Latinos Griegos OSCOS Tribus prerromanas Habían creado colo- nias en el sur de la península y en Sicilia, territorios que se co- nocían como Magna Grecia. During the 8th century BC, the Italian peninsula was a mosaic of peoples with different levels of development Cumas OSCOS

The Rise of Rome

Rome arose from the union of settlements on the Seven Hills They were located on the bank of the Tiber River This location provided access to the sea and control of trade routes Muralla de Servio Tulio Tiber CAMPO DE MARTE QUIRINAL VIMINAL Ciudadela del Capitolio ESQUILINO Cloaca Ma Primer asentamiento Puente Sublicio PALATINO CELIO AVENTINO Mar Tirreno a 20 km Rome's strategic location was key to its development CAPITOLIO Templo

The Founding Legend of Rome

According to legend, the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia conceived twins from Mars (god of War): Romulus and Remus They were abandoned by the river and nursed by a wolf Years later, Romulus, after killing his brother Remus, founded Rome in 753 BC CASTORS AD LATYS INPOSSA ATOVE AL EXTYLERAT MTILAM TEMFYS AD LAVDE RECENS SIC ROMA TVOS RENOV ADSPICIAS ORBA SECVLA QUE The Capitoline Wolf nursing Romulus and Remus

The Great Stages of Roman Civilization

From Monarchy to Republic

Monarquía República Imperio 753 a. C. 509 a. C. 27 a. C. 476 d. C. 800 a. C. 600 a. C. 400 a. C. 200 a. C. 1 200 d. C. 400 d. C. Monarquía República Imperio · Fundación, crecimiento y consolidación de Roma. · Imposición de un régimen de poder republicano con división de poderes. · Gobierno autócrata organizado en torno a la figura del emperador. · Sucesión de siete reyes vitalicios (de origen latino, sabino y etrusco) que centralizaron el poder civil, militar y religioso. · Supremacía del Senado. · Guerras entre las figuras de poder y las dinastías imperiales. · Conquista romana de la península itálica, el Occidente europeo, el norte de África, las islas griegas y el Cercano Oriente. · Crisis hegemónica y división del Imperio. . División social entre patricios y plebeyos. @ Editorial Etece

The Roman Monarchy (753-509 BC)

Elective system controlled by patricians The king held all state powers The last kings were of Etruscan origin Representation of the last king of Rome

The Government of the Republic

Senate: assembly of patricians that supervised all laws and decisions Magistracies (consuls, praetors, aediles ... ): were the different political positions of Rome Comitia: assemblies where magistrates were elected The patricians controlled the entire system INSTITUCIONES DE LA REPÚBLICA ROMANA SENADO 300 miembros vitalicios influyen- MAGISTRADOS CONSULES (2), mando del ejército Aprueban su nombramiento PRETORES (2), administración de justicia CENSORES (2), realizar el censo y vigilar las costumbres DICTADOR, magistratura de excepción EDILES CURULES(2) Eligen EDILES DE LA PLEBE (2) CUESTORES, Hacienda e impuestos TRIBUNO DE LA PLEBE, derechos de la plebe, veto Eligen Eligen COMICIOS CURIADOS, derecho privado COMICIOS TRIBUNOS COMICIOS CENTURIADOS COMICIOS DE LA PLEBE PUEBLO DE ROMA cc Luis A. Ortega Structure of republican institutions

Roman Citizens

Patricians: economic and social elite with full rights Plebeians: middle and lower classes with limited political rights Freedmen: slaves who had been freed. Very limited rights NO CIUDADANOS CIUDADANOS MUJERES (Patricias y plebeyas) PATRICOS ESCLAVOS LIBERTOS EXTRANJEROS PLEBEYOS LIBRES GRUPOS SOCIALES EN LA REPÚBLICA ROMANA Proyecto Clio - 2013 Luis A. Ortega Ruiz Representation of Roman society

Non-Citizens in Roman Society

Women: under male guardianship Foreigners (peregrini): without political rights Slaves: considered property without legal rights NO CIUDADADANOS CIUDADANOS MUJERES (Patricias y plebeyas) PATRICOS ESCLAVOS LIBERTOS EXTRANJEROS PLEBEYOS LIBRES GRUPOS SOCIALES EN LA REPÚBLICA ROMANA Proyecto Clio - 2013 Luis A. Ortega Ruiz Scene of daily life showing different social classes in Rome

The Plebeian Struggle

During the first years of the republic, plebeians fought to improve their situation Creation of the Tribune of the Plebs (494 BC) Codification of laws in the Twelve Tables Progressive access to all magistracies Tribune of the plebs before the assembly

The Expansion and Crisis of the Republic

The Stages of Roman Expansion

▶ Between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC, Rome subdued the peoples of the Italian peninsula In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars, which allowed it to control the western Mediterranean In the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Rome conquered the territories of the eastern Mediterranean View of the Mediterranean and expansion areas

The Punic Wars

The First Punic War (264-241 BC) established Roman dominion over Sicily and marked the beginning of maritime expansion The Second Punic War (218-202 BC) pitted Rome against the military genius of Hannibal, who invaded Italy for 15 years The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) culminated in the total destruction of Carthage, which became a Roman province Hannibal crossing the Alps

The Conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean

The victory at Pydna (168 BC) marked the end of independence for Macedonia and Greece, establishing a system of indirect control ▶ Expansion in Asia Minor began with the inheritance of the kingdom of Pergamum and was completed with Pompey's campaigns (69-62 BC) The Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra completed Roman dominion of the Hellenistic world E Tancredi Scarpelli Cleopatra and Caesar

The Transformation of the Army

▶ Marius's reforms created a permanent professional army open to all Roman citizens The standardization of military equipment transformed the organization and effectiveness of the legions Soldiers developed strong personal loyalty to their generals, who controlled their future Galea (Casque) Pilum (Javelot) Lorica Segmentata (Armure de plaques de fer) Balteus (Baudrier) Gladius (Glaive) Cingulum (Ceinture) Tunica (Tunique) Scutum (Bouclier) Caligae (Sandales) Equipped Roman legionary

The Roman Provincial System

The provinces were administered by governors with broad military and civil powers An economic exploitation system based on regular tributes and taxes was established Gradual Romanization integrated conquered populations into Roman culture and society Roman banquet depicted in the paintings of Pompeii

Crisis and End of the Republic

▶ Expansion caused a deep social crisis with the ruin of small farmers The Gracchi's reform attempts began a period of increasing political violence Civil wars between military factions destroyed the traditional republican system Bust of Julius Caesar

The Roman Empire

The Creation of the Empire

Octavian defeated his rivals in the civil wars and initiated the Empire In 27 BC, Octavian assumed all powers and became known as Augustus Maintained republican appearance Established a succession system through adoption of the most capable MVNIF. FI. 1X . P. M. AN XVIII Portrait of Augustus of Prima Porta (27 BC), depicting the first emperor with the symbols of his power

Imperial Government

Emperors like Augustus, Trajan, or Marcus Aurelius were remembered for their achievements Emperors like Caligula, Nero, Domitian, or Commodus were remembered for their cruelty There were several dynasties of emperors Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD), example of the philosopher-emperor who embodied the ideal of the adopted ruler

The Pax Romana

Political and military stability The Roman Empire reached its maximum extent Cultural unification of the Empire Zona conquistada al finalizar la 3ª Guerra Punica BRITAN A Conquistas anteriores a César Londiniu Conquistas de Cesar GERMANIA INFERIOR Conquistas de Augusto Lutetia (Paris) BÉLGICA Máxima expansión con Trajano DERMAN - Provincias en tiempos de Trajano LUGDUNENSE SUPERIO Mar Caspio - Limite máximo del Imperio época de Trajano) VINONYA DACIA Mar Negro DALMACIA ARMENIA OCÉANO LUSITANIA CÓRCEGA ATLÁNTICO Emerita Augusta CAPADOCIA CERDEÑA MESOPOTAMIA Carthago Nova Gades+ Mar *Antioquia SIRIA Asbilonik SICILIA Exporta . ·Cartago MAJÍUTANIA NUMIDI CRETA diferrone JUDE AFRICA Leptis Magna · Alejandda CIRENAICA The Empire at its greatest extent under Trajan (117 PALATIA BETICA TARRACONENSE NARBONENSE Massla MOESIA ITALIA TAITACO · Roma MACEDONIA CITHINIA Y POR CILICIA CAYA Ar CHIPRE AD), from Britain to the Euphrates RAETIA NORICA AQUITANIA