Module 8. Sexual health: reproductive system and hormone regulation

Module 8: Sexual Health Overview

Module 8. Sexual health
Module 8
How can I avoid unwanted pregnancies and sexually
transmitted diseases?

Content Review

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Content
Review the contents you will study in this module.
. 8.1 Sexual and reproductive health.
. 8.2 Sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive methods.
. 8.3 Reproductive system, anatomy.
. 8.4 Ovarian and uterine cycles.Reproductive system
Maru Perez CastroReproductive
System

Reproductive System Function

62
MILLION+
VIEWS
İKEn
IkenEduFunction
· The primary function of the reproductive systems is to
perpetuate the species through sexual or germ cell
fertilization and reproduction.
· The reproductive system has four functions:
· To produce egg and sperm cells
· To transport and sustain these cells
· To nurture the developing offspring
· To produce hormones

Understanding Sexuality

What is sexuality?
Sexuality
The American Psychological Association (APA) has described
sexuality as "a broad area of study related to an individual's sex,
gender identity and expression, and sexual orientation". It also
includes prejudice, discrimination and sexual disorders.
SCIENCE OF
SEXUALITY
SEXUALITY WHEEL
Body
Thoughts &
Feelings
Values &
Beliefs
SEXUALITY
Gender
Relationships
SSERC
SIQUALITY EDUCATION
RESOURCE CENTRE MS
It includes:
Sexual differentiation
Gender identity
Sexual orientation

Gender Identity and Biological Traits

Sexuality:
gender
identity
Gender identity
Gender identity is a
person's sense of their
own gender.
The biological
differences between
genders are determined
by:
Biological traits
Chromosomes
Hormones
Psychosocial and
cultural traits:
Identity
Roles

The Genderbread Person Model

The Genderbread Person
by www.ItsPronouncedMetrosexual.com
Identity
Gender Identity
Woman
Genderqueer
Man
Gender identity is how you, in your head, think about yourself. It's the chemistry that
composes you (e.g., hormonal levels) and how you interpret what that means.
-Orientation
Gender Expression
Feminine
Androgynous
Masculine
Gender expression is how you demonstrate your gender (based on traditional
gender roles) through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact.
Expression
-Sex
read more
Biological Sex
Female
Intersex
Male
Biological sex refers to the objectively measurable organs, hormones, and chromosomes.
Female = vagina, ovaries, XX chromosomes; male = penis, testes, XY chromosomes;
intersex = a combination of the two.
Sexual Orientation
Heterosexual
Bisexual
Homosexual
Sexual orientation is who you are physically, spiritually, and emotionally attracted to,
based on their sex/gender in relation to your own.

Male Reproductive System Anatomy

2. The Male Reproductive System
Male have both internal and external genitalia that are responsible for
procreation and sexual intercourse. Production of sperm is also cyclic,
but unlike the female ovulation cycle, the sperm production is
constantly producing millions of sperm daily.
1
ONvas deferens
urinary bladder
pubic bone
suspensonary ligament
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
prostate gland
bulbourethral
gland
deep perineal pouch
corpus cavernosum
corpus spongiosum
anus
epididymis
urethra
glans penis
testis
external
urethral orifice
scrotum

Male Reproductive Organs Diagram

Urinary bladder
Seminal
vesicle
Rectum
Vas deferens
Urethra
Penis
Anus
Epididymis
Prostate
Testes
Scrotum

External Male Anatomy

External inguinal ring
Spermatic cord
Cremaster
Testicular artery
Fascia of spermatic cord
Superficial fascia of penis
Ductus deferens
Deep fascia of penis
Pampiniform plexus
Prepuce (foreskin)
Epididymis
-Glans
Tunica vaginalis
Median septum of scrotum
Testis
Cremaster
Dertos fascia
-Scrotal skin
External male anatomy
The male genitalia are the penis
and the scrotum

Internal Male Anatomy

Ureter
Seminal
vesicle
Bladder
Prostate
Urethra
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Internal male anatomy
Male internal structures are
the testicles and the duct system

Accessory Glands of Male System

Vis differs
Serstal seside
Prostoin giand
Uetra
Bubounttai jiand-
Accesory glands
The accessory glands of the male
reproductive system are the
seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and the bulbourethral glands
Seminal vesicles are positioned inside the body, above the prostate,
behind the bladder, and in front of the rectum. Their primary function
involves the production of fluid that mixes with sperm and makes up a
significant percentage (65-75%) of semen. Seminal vesicles produce
fructose which nurture sperm.
Prostate is a gland located between the bladder and the penis and
secretes an alkaline fluid that nourishes and protects sperm. This fluid
usually constitutes 30% of the volume of semen
Ampulla
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Urethra
- Vas deferens
Penis
-Epididymis
Rete testis
Seminiferous tubules

Male Reproductive System External Anatomy

Male reproductive
system external
anatomy
External anatomy
Penis
The penis is the male copulatory organ.
It is ordinarily flaccid and hangs
downward but during sexual arousal it
swells, elongates, and becomes much
firmer and straighter, a process known
as erection.
These changes allow penis to penetrate
the vagina so that sperm can be
deposited as close to the fertilization as
possible.
Penis anatomy
Changes in penis's shape during erection are possible because
much of its volume is occupied by erectile tissue, spongy
masses of connective tissue and smooth muscle containing
numerous interconnected vascular spaces.
During erection the volume and pressure of this blood increases,
producing the swelling and elongation characteristic of erection.
The erectile tissue consists of corpus cavernosum and corpus
spongiosum.
Dorsal
Ventral
Corpus
cavernosa
Penile shaft
Urethra
Coronal sulcus,
Glans penis
Foreskin
or prepuce
Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Dorsal
Dorsal artery
Dorsal nerve
Skin
Deep (Buck's) fascia
Corpus cavernosum
Urethra
Corpus spongiosum
Ventral
Cross section

Scrotum Function and Structure

Scrotum
The scrotum is a sac of skin that is
suspended beneath the penis, and
houses the two testes in separate right
and left compartments divided by a
septum.
The scrotum provides an environment to
the testes in which the temperature is
slightly below core body temperature.Each testis consists into 250-300 lobules, each containing the
seminiferous tubules, where spermatogenesis takes place.
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
200 to 300 Pyramidal Lobules.
B
Van deferons
Rete testis
Ligamentous remnant
of processus vaginalis
Head of epicádymis
Plane of section
Straight tubule
Efterein ductdes
Seminiferous tubule
Fiete testis in mediastinum tost
Tunica
albuginea
Basement
membrane
Turica
Vaginalis
Cavity
Seminiferous tubules
Sperm cells
Interstitial cells
Spermatogonia
Capsule
(turica albuginodl
Tall of epididymes
Elsevier. Drake et al: Gray's Anatomy for Students - www.studentconsult.com
(b)
(a)
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Body of epididymis
Parietal lıyor
Testis
Visceral layer

Sperm Anatomy and Development

Sperm
anatomy
A
B
Spermatozoa
Sertoli cell
Acrosome
]
Sperm head
Nucleus
]
Neck
Centriole
Midpiece
Mitochondria
Round
Spermatid
Spermatocyte
Axoneme
Blood-testes
barrier
Spermatogonia
C
Epididymis
Capacitation
Testes
D
V
Tail end piece
Zona pellucida
Principal pieceS
dream stime
Lubricating
protein
~5% bulbourethral and
urethral glands
~30% prostate gland
(acid phosphatase, and
proteolytic enzymes ... )
dreamstime
Sperm cells
J
~65% seminal vesicles
(fructose, amino acid, citric
acid, and hormones ... )
dreamstime.com
ID 204955314 @ Designua
S
Components of semen
SWISA
Semen
compostion
dreamstinSperm and their
developm
Milliones of sperm are produced
daily in a several hundred
seminiferous tubules.
Testicles are held by the spermatic
cord, nerves, the vas deferens, and
a muscle that helps toise and lower
the testicles in response to
temperature changes.

Spermatogenesis Process

Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop
from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process
starts with the mitotic division of the stem cells located in the tubules.
The produced sperm are stored in the epididymis.
Spermatogenesis
primordial
germ cell
testis
Sertoli cell-
epididymis
1
spermatogonium
seminiferous
tubules
mitotic division
primary
spermatocyte
meiotic division I
secondary
spermatocyte
sperm
head
spermatid
cytoplasm
acrosome
meiotic
division II
spermatids
mature sperm
lumen
D 2013 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Secretory Cells in Testis

Secretory cells
Leydig cells. Distributed in the
spaces between the tubules, are
responsible for the synthesis and
secretion of testosterone and other
androgens.
Sertoli cells. Their primary function
is to nurture sperm and control their
development.
Spermatogonium
Leydig
Cells
Leydig cells
Intersticial tissue
200um
Sertoli
Cell
Lumen
Seminiferous
tubules
Basal Lamina
Leydig cells are producing hormones (including testosterone) and
Sertolli cells are producing nutriments for sperm.

Hormone Regulation in Males

Hormone regulator
· Three hormones are the principle regulators of the male
reproductive system
· follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
stimulates spermatogenesis;
· luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production
of testosterone
· and testosterone stimulates the development of male
secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis.
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/reproductive/male/penis.html

Andropause and Testosterone Levels

MENOPAUSAL MANIFESTATIONS
Asymptomatic
Mild/Vague
Moderate
Severe
- Mood fluctuations
- Vasomotor
- Osteoporosis
- Hot flushes
- Uro-genital
- Fracture risk
100
80
Testosterone
level
60
40
20
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Age
Andropause or male menopause
Asymptomatic
Mild/Vague
Moderate
Severe
- I Vitality
- Erectile
dysfunction
- PADAM
- Asthenia
- Sarcopenia
- Unexplained
depression
- Cognitive
decline
Andropause : "male
menopause"
. Though testosterone levels fall as men age, the decline is steady at about 1% a
year from around the age of 30 to 40, and this is unlikely to cause any problems
in itself.
. A testosterone deficiency that develops later in life, also known as late-onset
hypogonadism, can sometimes be responsible for these symptoms, but in many
cases the symptoms are nothing to do with hormones.
- Psychogenic
ANDROPAUSAL MANIFESTATIONS-

Vasectomy Procedure and Effects

Vasectomy
No scalpel
Vasectomy
Vasectomy
. 3. Do some research on vasectomy and use your
knowledge of the Reproductive Systems to answer:
Will a vasectomy prevent Solomon's ejaculation?
[3]. (answer yes/no) ( Eyaculación precoz)
The only difference in ejaculation is the absence of
sperm in the semen
Will cut and seal the vas deferens tubes - the two
tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the
urethra.
After a vasectomy, the body will still produce sperm,
but the sperm cannot enter the semen or leave the
body through the ejaculate.
Instead, the body reabsorbs the sperm.