Unit 5: Globalisation and SDG - Challenges for Today from Ies Bernardo De Balbuena

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Castilla-La Mancha educación Consejería de Educación y Ciencia IES Bernardo de Balbuena Valdepeñas Notes Geography and History 3rd CSE

UNIT 5. GLOBALISATION and SDG - CHALLENGES FOR TODAY

The travel of a t-shirt video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JS-nEgdGbO&ab_channel=TimMoser

1. Origins of globalisation

We live in a globalised world. This means that all countries are highly economically interdependent. For example, raw materials are produced in certain countries, manufacturing is done in others, and they are sold throughout the world.

The process of economic globalisation can be divided into three phases:

Imperial phase

• European countries began building colonial empires in the 15th century in America, Africa and Asia.
• This spread European culture and led to the first global transport and trade networks, carrying raw materials, goods and slaves.

Neocolonial phases

• Former, colonies had reached independence by the 1950's. Since then multinational corporations have built economic relationships with them, based on extracting therir resources, use of cheap labour, manufacturing and sale of products.

Globalisation phase

• Economic globalisation has intensified since 1980s due to the transport and communications revolution.
• A global model of economic, social and political interdependence has emerged, extending throughout the world.

Analyse this graph. Why do you think language had to do with the globalised world?

The World's Most Spoken Languages

Number of speakers worldwide in 2021 English 1348 mill. Mandarin Chinese 1120 mill. Hindu 600 milL Spanish 543 mlL. Standard Arabic 274 mil Bengali 268 mal. French 267 mill Russian 258 mill. Portuguese 258 mill Urdu 230 milL. Source: Statista 2022

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2. Factors of globalisation

Interconnected economies. Improvements in transport and communications make it easier for distant parts of the planet to trade with each other.

Liberalisation of trade. Stronger tariff barriers used to protect domestic production. Reducing them has allowed goods to be easily distributed.

Power of multinationals that set up factories and offices in faraway places controlling them from their main headquarters. Their products are sold worldwide.

3. Types of globalisation

Globalisation can take different forms:

• Aspects of Western lifestyles depicted in the media and entertainment have globally popular. For example: Halloween.

Advertising and online shopping have produced greater uniformity in what all people wear and eat, our leisure habits, and more.

Concern about the environment and defending human rights is a planetwide phenomenon. International organisations have emerged to work for global solutions to these problems.

What role does technology play?

The information technology and communications revolution has been crucial in establishing the globalised system.

Digital communications transport data, text, images and sound around the world. More people than ever have access to content for both consumption and creation.

But the desire to control information has led to the creation of large global corporations which now dominate the media. These companies have considerable influence on social and political life around the world.

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What are social media?

Social media are interactive forms of online technology and digital channels that allow individuals and companies to create, share and exchange ideas and information. There are many forms of social media.

Social Media Users Worldwide 2024

Monthly Active Users (MAU) Facebook 3.05 billion YouTube 2.5 billion Instagram 2 billion TikTok 1.56 billion Linkedin* 1 billion Reddit 850 million Telegram 800 million X/Twitter 619 million Pinterest 482 million *Number of "members" in total. Linkedin does not provide MAU data. Blog2Social

Has globalisation created more equality?

Globalisation has created economic inequality between states.

One way to talk about this imbalance is to consider each region's participation in the international division of labour. This categorises countries based on their involvement in the manufacturing process. They can be divided into three groups based on what they produce.

They can be divided into three groups based on what they produce:

• Raw materials: These countries are the most underprivileged because raw materials have a low market value. They do not have an industrial infrastructure, so they cannot exploit the materials. Major oil producing countries are the exception due to the high cost of petroleum.
• Manufactured goods: Because goods production creates infrastructure and such products are worth more on the market, these countries become more developed. However, production is supported by cheap labour and the companies that supply the investments are often from more developed countries.
• High-tech &financial services: These countries are the most prosperous because high- technology products and specialised services produce large profits. There is generally a high standard of living, despite some inequality and poverty. Their economic dynamism attracts immigrants to provide labour.

How is the division between countries changing?

Traditionally, the terms Global North and Global South were used to describe this economic imbalance. In this scenario, while the North benefits from globalisation, countries in the South suffer the negative consequences.

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However, this distinction has grown less sharp over time. Some of the countries that traditionally formed part of the Global South have now become major economic powers. These emerging countires include Mexico, Indica, Brazil and China. This last state is now the top industrial power in the world.

Other regions like the Near East and some parts of Southeast Asia control a significant portion of global resources and capital.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2050

2050 · 2040 · 2030 · 2020 · 2010 80 000 70 000 60 000- 50 000 40 000- 30 000- 20 000- 10 000- 0- China United States India Brazil Mexico Russia Indonesia Japan United Kingdom Germany Source: Goldman Sachs

4. Effects of globalisation

Positive effects are:

Globalisation has transformed the planet. In many cases, this has had a positive impact. Examples include:

• Economic growth or increase in global wealth.
• Good and services availables for consumers everywhere.
• Higher Human Development Index (HDI) score. As literacy levels rise and extreme poverty rates decline.
• Political o Democratisation.
• Human rights are expanding worldwide.
• Social o Cultural, medical and scientific exchanges are increasing, along with individual mobility and contact between societies.

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• Global connection. Developments in communications and expanded internet services provide quick and easy acces to information anywhere in the world, producing new training, work and leisure opportunities.

Negative effects

• Policital. States must now share more of their power with large corporations. This means that decisions affecting the general welfare are decided in part by large comercial firms.
• Cultural. The dominance of Western models is causing a loss of cultural identity in some places, a phenomenon known as v "acculturation".
• Economic. Globalisation has brought unequal growth, with some countries benefitting more. This inequality is also internal, with a growing gap between wealthy minorities and the rest of the population.
• Enviromental. Overexploitation of resources and pollution resulting from economic growth are causing the deterioration of the environment.

Globalisation pros. And cons. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnJAnluZgo4&ab_channel=digitPro

5. OUR CURRENT WORLD

Happy Planet Index (2019)

>60 55-60 O 50-54.9 45-49.9 40-44.9 35-39.9 30-34.9 25-29.9 < 25 no data

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This is a map by the New Economics Foundation that shows how different countries rank in the Happy Planet Index. The green and blue colours show the happiest. The brown one shows the most unhappy.

The main objective of the index is to show the state of happiness and health of people.

Self-reported life satisfaction, 2023

Average of responses to the 'Cantril Ladder' question in the Gallup World Poll. The survey asks respondents to think of their current place on a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a O. xplore the Data Research & Writing All Charts Sources & Processing Reuse This Work No data 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sustainable Development Goals

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT G ALS 1 NO POVERTY 2 ZERO HUNGER 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 4 QUALITY EDUCATION 5 GENDER EQUALITY 6 CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION 7 AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY 8 DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 9 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE 10 REDUCED INEQUALITIES 11 SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION 13 CLIMATE ACTION 14 LIFE BELOW WATER 15 LIFE ON LAND 16 PEACE. JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS 17 PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

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What is a good life?

The universal Declaration of Human Rights states that to have freedom, justice and peace in the world, everyone is entitled to certain rights. All people should have access to basic things like health, food, housing and education to allow them to live a good life.

The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the conditions that are necessary to mee tour material, social, personal and physical needs. The HDI considers aspects like life expectancy at birth and educational level.

Why are there angry people in the world?

The primary casuses of hunger are poverty and inequality. Other related causes vary by location: Wars and conflicts; natural disasters and climate change; economic crises; job instability; financial speculation; forced migration and discrimination against minorities. Around the world, most of the people living in hunger are in Asia and Africa. A smaller percentage live in Latin America and the Caribbean. But there are also people who suffer from hunger in developed countries in Europe and North America.

How many people do not get food enough?

Food insecurity means not having enough food for normal growth and development. Around the world, food insecurity decreased between 2005 and 2014. This means it is posible to make progress. The pandemic of COVID 19 got worse the situation.

WORLD HUNGER MAP

Extremely alarming (>50) Moderate (10-20) Alarming (35-30) Low (<10) Serious (20-35) Not included or not designated Source: Global Hunger Index