George Orwell and Nineteen Eighty-Four: Totalitarian Regimes Analysis

George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four

WHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four

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NATIONAL UNION OF JOURNALISTS 7 John Street, Bedford Row, London, W.C.I Telegrams : Natujay Holb, London Phone : HOLborn 2258

This is to certify that Mr. GEORGE ORWELL of The Tribune T.+P. is a member of the. Branchof the National Union of Journalist Stealie R. Alnous Branch S ,66, Priory yous. N IT RINO DAL 1861 / VOICI | E BELLO RE VIVERE ANC LLO DOPPO IL MORIRE VWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

The Age of Dictators

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• George Orwell, which was the pen name of Eric Blair, was born in 1903 and died in 1950.
• During his lifetime, Germany, Italy, Spain and Russia were ruled by totalitarian regimes and Europe was plunged into world war twice
• Following the Second World War, the USSR and the USA confronted each other: the 'free world' against Soviet Russia and the beginning of the Cold War U CTARMNEKEM AVISM KPERKA · CHASHA APMX3 HAIDA
• HASTA CTPANA! AWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

USSR and the Rise of Stalin

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• After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and a long Civil War, the Bolsheviks established control over Russia and the country was renamed The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Lenin, the founder of the USSR, died in 1924; the following struggle for power between Trotsky and Stalin resulted in Trotsky going into exile and Stalin becoming dictator
• All three historical figures appear in Orwell's political satire, "Animal Farm"

Stalin's Country and Orwell's Inspiration

IT RINO DAL 1861 / AVOICE | E BELLO D RE VIVERE ANC LO DOPPO IL MORIRE V GEORGE ORWELL 1984

• Orwell was inspired to write "Nineteen Eighty-Four" through his observations of the way Stalin and other dictators used their power
• Stalin ruled by fear: a network of spies meant that nobody was safe. Politicians spied on army chiefs, and children spied on parents
• History was rewritten and Stalin's enemies were airbrushed out of photographs and booksWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Orwell's Fictional Country: Oceania

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• In "Nineteen Eighty-Four" the state of Oceania is ruled by Big Brother, but it is not clear whether he exists or not
• People are ruled by fear: as in Stalin's Russia, in Oceania children denounce their parents
• The job of Winston Smith, the protagonist, is literally to rewrite history INGSOC INGSOGWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

The Ministries of Oceania

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• Winston works for the Ministry of Truth, which disseminates lies
• The Ministry of Love is the home of the secret police, whose job is to terrorise the people
• The Ministry of Peace conducts and promotes war
• The Ministry of Plenty plans the economy and ensures that most people are starving, in order to keep them down INGSOC 388WHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

The Three Slogans of Oceania

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• War is Peace
• Freedom is Slavery
• Ignorance is Strength
• These three apparently contradictory slogans maintain the balance of power and the regime's hold over the people WAR 15 FREEDOM 15 IGNORANCE 15 SLAVERY STRENGTH PEACEWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Winston Smith's Struggle for Freedom

" Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows. George Orwell (1984) Winston Smith IT RINO DAL 1861 / AHOLIGA | E BELLO D IRE VIVERE ANCY LLO DOPPO IL MORIRE V

• Winston Smith, the protagonist, dreams of a time when he can be truly free
• His name is significant: Winston recalls Winston Churchill, the leader of Great Britain in the Second World War; Smith is the commonest surname in England
• He keeps a diary in which he has written: Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two equals four
• People who rebel are brainwashed until they can accept that two plus two equals fiveWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Julia's Rebellion and Torture

• Relationships are not encouraged in Oceania: Julia is attracted to Winston and approaches him secretly
• She tells him that she too wants an end to the brutal regime and is willing to fight RY for it
• They fall in love but they are tortured to betray each other in Room 101 IT AOLICA | E BELLO D RINO DAL 1861 / RE VIVERE ANC LO DOPPO IL MORIRE V GIN HEROES OF THE REVOLUTIONWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

O'Brien's Deception

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• O'Brien is a member of the Inner Party, the highest level in the state of Oceania
• He and Winston become friends and Winston finds him to be a very sympathetic and open person
• Winston thinks O'Brien is also against the state
• O'Brien is an informer, a spy and ultimately the torturer of Winston ITWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

The Three Powers and Propaganda

• Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are apparently continually at war with each other, but we do not know if this is true or not
• Propaganda on every side goes hand in hand with manipulation of the truth, brainwashing and misinformation
• The people are informed through telescreens in their homes, which they cannot turn off and which can see and hear their every move. IT POLICE | E BELLO D RINO DAL 1861 / LLO DOPPO IL MORIRE V RE VIVERE ANCWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Newspeak: Language Control

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• Orwell clearly understood how a dictatorship in control of communications can reduce language to the minimum, in order to manipulate the populace
• It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words .... If you want a stronger version of 'good', what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like 'excellent' and 'splendid' and all the rest of them? 'Plusgood' covers the meaning: or 'doubleplusgood' if you want something stronger still.WHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Utopia and Dystopia in Nineteen Eighty-Four

IT RINO DAL 1861 / VOICI | E BELLO RE VIVERE ANC LLO DOPPO IL MORIRE V BOUR GE George Orwell nineteen eighty-four a novel ERGWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

• 'Nineteen Eighty-Four' is one of the most important and powerful dystopian novels of the twentieth century
• For those in power in Oceania and, by extension, in any totalitarian state, their society can be seen as a kind of utopia
• Orwell finished writing his novel in 1948: he thought that what he had written as fiction could well be reality by 1984, so the novel is both a satire and a warning which is still relevant today

Characteristics of a Dystopian Work

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• The novel has many of the characteristics of a dystopian work: - It is set in the future and considers the fate of humanity - Its society denies individual freedom and democracy - Negative tendencies of Orwell's times are magnified - Science and technology are used as tools of oppression - Some rebel and struggle to overcome oppression DURING TIMES OF UNIVERSAL DECEIT, TELLING THE TRUTH BECOMES A REVOLUTIONARY ACT99WHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Winston's Final Victory

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• At the end of the novel, Winston has been broken by torture in Room 101, is completely brainwashed and is sitting in a café:
• Two gin-scented tears trickled down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.
• As he listens to the news, he reassures himself of both the great victory he has won over himself and his newfound love for Big Brother.

George Orwell's Background

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• Orwell came from a privileged family background and his father was a civil servant with the British Raj in India
• The young Orwell was sent to school in England, and he then joined the Indian Imperial Police
• He spent five years in Burma, where he wrote "Burmese Days", but resigned because he knew he was part of a colonial system he despisedWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Orwell as a Social Commentator

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• Orwell wrote a huge number of articles and books describing the harsh conditions of the working classes, and he lived as a tramp for a time in order to understand what life was like at the bottom
• In 1933, he published "Down and Out in Paris and London" and in 1937 "The Road to Wigan Pier" which brought the problems of social deprivation and unemployment to a middle-class readership In all the modern talk about energy, efficiency, social service and the rest of it, what meaning is there except 'Get money ... and get a lot of it'? Money has become the grand test of virtue. George Orwell Down and Out in Paris and London Literary Fragments We are living in a world in which nobody is free, in which hardly anybody is secure, in which it is impossible to be honest and remain alive. The Road to Wigan Pier George Orwell Literary Fragments on Facebook & TwitterWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Orwell and the Spanish Civil War

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• In 1936 Orwell went to Spain to help the Republican cause against Franco's Fascists in the Civil War
• He was frustrated by the inability of the various anti-Fascist groups to combine against Franco
• He came home disillusioned
• He wrote of his experiences in "Homage to Catalonia" in 1938 ANTIFASCISTA TOM MANN CIPLINA PROLETARIA CERA AL FASCIS PLAÇA DE GEORGE ORWELL (ERIC ARTHUR BLAIR) MOTIHARI, BENGALA 1903- LONDRES, 1950 ESCRIPTORWHITE SPACES - Culture, literature and languages

Orwell's Last Years and Legacy

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• Orwell had never been physically strong and suffered most of his adult life from tuberculosis
• During the Second World War he worked for the BBC and was editor of an influential left-wing magazine, "Tribune"
• "Nineteen Eighty-Four" was published in 1949 and he died the following year at the age of 46. "When I sit down to write a book, I do not say to myself, 'I am going to produce a work of art.' I write it because there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my is to initial concern get a hearing." BBC 20 quotes on writing by: " Lenge Onnell" (george orwell)