Slide dall'Università San Raffaele su SARS-CoV2. La Pdf, una presentazione universitaria di Biologia, esplora la cronologia del virus, i trattamenti e le strategie vaccinali, con diagrammi esplicativi e testo conciso.
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Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease)
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Order Nidovirales Family Arteriviridae Coronaviridae Mesoniviridae Roniviridae Sub-family Coronavirinae Torovirinae Genera Arterivirus Alpha- CoV Beta- CoV Gamma- Delta- Bafinivirus Torovirus Alphamesonivirus Okavirus CoV CoV PRRSV EAV TGEV PEDV FCOV IBV WBV BTOV PTOV HTOV DKNV YHV Lineage SARS-COV MHV MERS-COV
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Bat respiratory tract Human respiratory tract DOC Cell Virus TYLe YYY Gene DOC. DOC Protein Mutation Mutazioni nel genoma consentono "un salto di specie" Original host Intermediate host Human SARS-COV MERS-COV SARS-COV2
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi interspecie- intraspecie SARS-COV-2 Primary host Intermediate host Aerosol Fomite Droplet SARS-COV-2 Infected ~2m Susceptible Less Susceptible High Likelihood of transmission Low
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Exposure to virus Incubation period 4 to 6 days (average) Can be up to 14 days. Person develops symptoms Infectious period 8 to 10 days (but can be longer) Starts from 1 to 3 days before symptoms develop. Illness 10 days But can be longer. No more symptoms 3 days Released from isolation COVID-19 123 Raffreddore Q123RF
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Nucleocapsid protein (N) Membrane glycoprotein (M) Spike protein (S) Envelope protein (E) RNA Ribovirus- ssRNA+ Dotato di envelope Proteina spike (S)
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi SARS-COV SARS-COV-2 (as of 16.02.2020) SARS - Disease - COVID-19 Winter 2002 Emergence - Winter 2019 8,096 - Cases - 51,857 774 - Deaths - 1,669 26 - Countries affected - 25 Attachment Receptor ACE2 ACE2 Spike Protein Priming by Cellular Proteases TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 Clinically-approved Inhibitor available Neutralization Efficiency by SARS Convalescent Sera Yes (High) Yes (Moderate) Hoffmann M Cell 2020
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi PNAS Jian Shanga,1, Yushun Wana,1, Chuming Luoa,1, Gang Yea, Qibin Genga, Ashley Auerbacha, and Fang Lia,2 ªDepartment of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 Edited by Peter Palese, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and approved April 27, 2020 (received for review February 18, 2020) Il sito di legame del recettore di SARS-CoV-2 (Receptor binding domain, RBD) ha più alta affinità per hACE2 di quello di SARS-CoV Ø SARS-CoV-2 RBD è meno esposto di quello di SARS-CoV > Queste caratteristiche di SARS-COV2 potrebbero supportare un'entrata efficiente, evadendo maggiormente la sorveglianza immunitaria
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Effetto citopatico causato dal virus ·Necrosi /apoptosi cellule epiteliali ·Deposizione fibrina Danno polmonare Effetto citopatico immunomediato- storm citochinico ·Aumento livelli circolanti di citochine (IL6/8) ·Produzione ritardata di IFN ·Accumulo di neutrofili, monociti/macrofagi
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Sindrome da distress respiratorio acuto Healthy Exudative phase Sloughing of bronchial epithelium Bronchial - epithelium I Bacteria, virus, fungi, trauma, gastric contents, etc. Basement membrane Injury Apoptosis or necrosis of AECI and AECII leading to release of biomarkers of epithelial injury (sRAGE, SP-B, SP-D, CC-16, laminin y2, KL-6) Surfactant layer Intraalveolar flooding Protein-rich edema fluid Inflammatory M1-like macrophage T cell NETS Inactivated surfactant AECI 1 LTB4 CD86 ROS Neutrophil-mediated epithelial injury > MMPs NF-KB 1 TNF PRR IL-16 IL-6 AECI IL-8 CCL2 CCL7 Hyaline membrane formation along the denuded basement membrane I Edema fluid Intraalveolar space 1 Tissue factor-dependent coagulation due to an imbalance between procoagulants and anticoagulants (e.g., APC) Interstitium Fibroblast ENaC Capillary Na+/K+ ATPase Interstitial flooding Monocyte Endothelial injury leading to the release of biomarkers of endothelial injury (VEGF, Ang-2, GAGs, vWF, sICAM-1) Red cell Intravascular coagulation leading to platelet aggregation and microthrombi formation Neutrophil Platelets Endothelial cell Endothelial barrier disruption via activation of the actin-myosin contractile apparatus New Engalnd Journal Medicine 1 Histones Elastase or MPO Damage to basement membrane PAMP (e.g., LPS) DAMP (e.g., HMGB1, mtDNA) etc. Alveolar macrophage Injury response
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi la Fusion · Possible treatment Monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma SARS-COV-2 1b Endocytosis Camostat mesylate Cell TMPRSS2 ACE2 80 2 Translation Viral RNA Ribosomes Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine Polypeptide chains 3 Proteolysis Lopinavir-ritonavir Replication- transcription complex RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Remdesivir 3 Possibili trattamenti v Lopinavir-ritonavir 4 Translation and RNA replication 30 5 Packaging Golgi Or 0 bo 5 6 Virion release Endoplasmic reticulum
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi
Università San Raffaele Roma Paola Checconi Spike protein (S) - Receptor binding domain RNA vaccines DNA vaccines Clinical trials2 Phase I > Phase II -> Phase III Licensure FDA, EMA etc. Large scale production and distribution Administration Inactivated vaccines Matrix protein (M) not to scale Immunity Nucleoprotein (N) and viral RNA Current stage: Development of vaccine candidates and pre-clinical testing Time frame unclear. 6-18 months. Maybe longer. ? GMP process developmentª Envelope protein (E) Recombinant protein vaccines Vectored vaccines Live attenuated vaccines