Slide dall'Università Telematica degli Studi su Metodi e Didattiche delle Attività Motorie III. Il Pdf, utile per lo studio universitario di Educazione fisica, esplora le linee guida per l'esercizio fisico e l'obesità, definendo i concetti chiave e presentando studi scientifici.
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✔ Body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg m-2 (Jensen et al, 2013) ✔ fat mass ≥ 25% of body mass (men) ✔ fat mass ≥ 30% of body mass (women) (Snikter et al, 2010) ✔ Adults overweight and obese: World 39% Italy 58% (WHO, 2016) Positive energy balance Calories in > calories out Weight gain
✔ Body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg m-2 (Jensen et al, 2013) % fat mass ≥ 25% of body mass (man) V % fat mass ≥ 30% of body mass (women) (Snikter et al, 2010) ✔ Adults overweight and obese: World 39% Italy 58% (WHO, 2016) Positive energy balance Calories in > calories out Weight gain (Guthold et al., 2018; Swinburn et al., 2013)
✔ Body mass index (BMI) above 30 kg m-2 (Jensen et al, 2013) % fat mass ≥ 25% of body mass (man) V % fat mass ≥ 30% of body mass (women) (Snikter et al, 2010) Adults overweight and obese: ✔ World 39% Italy 58% (WHO, 2016) Energy expenditure Attività fisica Effetto termogenico degli alimenti BMR (Guthold et al., 2018; Swinburn et al., 2013)
1 Risk of stroke 1 Risk of heart attack 1 Depression Liver disease Sleep apnea Cancer Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gallbladder problems Skin fold rashes Type 2 diabetes Kidney failure Weakened muscles and bones Infertility Joint pain (Henry et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2015)
La stima del costo economico legato all'obesità può essere solo approssimativo, ma è molto importante per dare un'idea della gravità del problema I costi economici legati all'obesità e al sovrappeso in Europa rappresentano dal 2 al 7% dei costi sanitari totali, a seconda delle modalità di realizzazione dell'analisi. Il costo diretto delle malattie correlate all'obesità ammonta al 1,5% circa della spesa sanitaria totale in Francia e in Inghilterra, al 4% in Olanda
Respiratory Lung volumes (CRF, VRE, VR, CPT) (Watson et al., 2010) Muscolar î Fast type Ild/x and Ilb Fibers Į Slow type I and lla fibres Į Mitochondrial Content and Function (Tallis et al., 2018; Georgiev et al., 2022) Cardiac Į Filling capacity of the left ventricle Į Contraction force of the left ventricle (Aurigemma, et al., 2013)
Cardiac OBESITY V'O2max (Georgiev et al., 2022 ; Van Der Zwaard et al., 2016) C Muscolar 1 Fast type Ild/x and Ilb Fibers LOW LEVEL OF CARDIORESPIRATORY Slow type I and lla fibres FITNESS IS AN INDIPENDENT RISK FACTOR FOR OUR HEALTH Mitochondrial Content and Functi al., 2018; Georgiev et al., 2022) (Gaesser & Angadi, 2021)
Low CRF is associated with a ~2-2.5-fold higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality regardless of BMI. (Gaesser & Angadi, 2021) All-cause Mortality 4.5 Fit .Unfit 4.0 Fit 3.5 Hazard Ratio 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Normal Weight Overweight Obese Cardiovascular Disease Mortality 4.5 Fit Unfit 4.0 3.5 Hazard Ratio 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Normal Weight Overweight Obese Unfit
Attività Sedentarie Ridurre il più possibile Allenamento della forza 2 o più volte alla settimana, tutti i maggiori gruppi muscolari Allenamento della flessibilità 2 o più volte alla settimana Allenamento aerobico 3-5 giorni alla settimana (20-60 min) Attività di intensità medio-bassa Preferibilmente tutti i giorni (almeno 30 min al giorno; 60-90 min al giorno per perdere peso o prevenire il recupero)
High intensity interval training (HIIT) 60-240s 80-100%V'O2max Moderate intensity continuos training (MICT) 20-40min. 49-75%V'O_max V'O,max (1,2,3,4,5) Weight Loss and Body Fat Reduction (4,6,7,8,9) ↔ ↔ 1. (Sultana et al .. 2019) 2. (Su et al .. 2019) 3. (Van Baak et al .. 2021) 4. (Vaccari et al .. 2020) 5. (Tsirigkakis et al .. 2021) ↑ 6. (Wewege et al .. 2017) 7. (Keating et al .. 2017). 8. (Merze et al .. 2021) 9. (Wang et al .. 2022) 10. (Andreato et al .. 2019) 11. (Atakan et al .. 2022) . 1 Positive Effect ., 11 greater effect HIIT versus MICT or vice versa, <> equal effect
Il contributo relativo dei diversi substrati energetici alla produzione di energia, durante l'attività fisica, dipende dall'intensità dell'esercizio Lipidi (%) Glucidi (%) 60 100 50 Lipidi 90 40 80 30 70 20 T 60 Glucidi 10 50 0 40 riposo 20 40 60 80 100 % VO2max (Brooks & Mercier, 1994 )
Į HIIT ON: 85-90% HR max 85-95% V'O2max/peak OFF: 50-60% FC max 50% V'O2max/peak MICT 55-65%HRmax 40-50% V'O2max 55-65% V'O2peak ON: 8-160s; OFF: 30-120s 20-30 minutes 35-45 minutes 3 session a week, 10 weeks 1. (Sultana et al .. 2019) 2. (Su et al .. 2019) 3. (Van Baak et al .. 2021) 4. (Vaccari et al .. 2020) 5. (Tsirigkakis et al .. 2021) 6. (Wewege et al .. 2017) 7. (Keating et al .. 2017). 8. (Merze et al .. 2021) 9. (Wang et al .. 2022) 10. (Andreato et al .. 2019) 11. (Atakan et al .. 2022)
Fig. 2 Fat oxidation rate as a function of exercise intensity expressed as percent of peak oxygen uptake (V'O2peak) before (PRE, green diamond continuous line) and after 3 months (POST, red square dashed line) of weight man- agement program, and after 4 months of follow-up (blue tri- angle dotted line), in moderate- intensity continuous training (MICT, panel a) and high- intensity interval training (HIIT, panel b) groups. All values are presented as mean ± standard error. * Significantly differ- ent PRE vs. POST, P<0.05. +Significantly different PRE vs. follow-up, P<0.05 A 0.50 0.45 T 0.40 Fat oxidation (g . min-1) 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 V'O2peak (%) B 0.50 0.45 ** 0.40 Fat oxidation (g . min-1) 0.35 0.30 0.25 + 0.20 0.15 I 0.10 0.05 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 V'O2peak (%)
High-intensity interval training and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses Inclusion v 24 systematic reviews with meta-analysis v Including 429 primary studies and 12,967 unique participants v Participants' background: healthy adults, individuals with overweight/obesity, older adults, high- level athletes etc. V HIIT modalities: SIT, low-volume HIIT, whole-body HIIT, home-based HIIT, aquatic HIIT etc. Meta-analysis results: CRF improvements (indicated as VO2max or VO2peak) HIIT vs non-exercise control SMD range: 0.28 to 4.31 WMD range: 3.25 to 5.5 ml/kg/min HIIT vs MICT SMD range: 0.18 to 0.99 WMD range: 0.52 to 3.76 ml/kg/min Potential for incorporating HIIT into current physical activity promotion programs among the general population
Relazione tra durata ed intensità dell'esercizio al cicloergometro ed al nastro trasportatore 25W 50W 75W 100W 125W 150W 175W 0.6 1.0 1.0(3%) 1.3(3%) 1.4(6%) 1.4(9%)1.4(12%) 100 - Fat oxidation (g) 1 1 1 20/ I Cycle ergometer 80 I I I - I 1 1 I 70 1 I 1 1 60 7 5 3 I I 1 I I 50 15 11 gl I 40 kcal 40 753|1 kcal 30 400 300 20 200 10 100 10 100 I 50 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 HR (beats/min) 100 1 90 I Treadmill walking 80 jatox Fat oxidation (g) I I 70 -|30 I I 60 I I 20 50 I 400 30 300 20 200 50 0 100 120 140 160 180 200 HR (beats/min) 1 90 Exercise duration (min) I 15 11 9 I I Exercise duration (min)
1.5 Weight Change (kg) T -0.5 0.5 - 0 -0.5 I 2 - 2.5 1 tt +1.5 - 2 3 -2.5 tt 25 -3.5 Fat Percent Change (%) 0 15 . # 1200 0.5 1000- ## 14 T 800 -1.5 0.5 (mm2) 600 -2 0 200 - -2.5 05 0 RT AT AT/RT RT AT AT/RT Fig 1.4 Differenze tra riduzione di peso e massa grassa ottenute dopo allenamento aerobico (AT), allenato di forza (RT), e una combinazione dei due (AT/RT) in soggetti obesi (Willis et al, 2012).
STUDY 1 Adapted from: J Exerc Sci Fit. 2023;21(2):193-201. Contents lists available at ScienceDirect --- JOURNAL OF Exercise Science & Fitness Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness PHYSIOLOGY journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jesf Effects of 12-week combined training versus high intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and fat metabolism in obese male adults Check for updates Mattia D'Alleva a, b, *, Filippo Vaccari a, b, Francesco Graniero ‘, Nicola Giovanelli a, b, Mirco Floreani a, b, Federica Fiori ª, Michela Marinoni ª, Maria Parpinel ª, Stefano Lazzer a, b a Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy b School of Sport Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy " Physical Exercise Prescription Center, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Gemona del Friuli, Italy