Bioelements and Macromolecules: DNA and RNA functions and structures

Bioelements and Macromolecules Overview

Arguitxu de la Riva Caballero Macarena Arrechavaleta Colegio El Valle AlicanteIntroduction . C, H, O, N, P and S are bioelements as they are the building blocks of biomolecules (macromolecules). . Macromolecules are the building blocks to mantain your body: there are four major types: · Carbohydrates · Lipids - Proteins · Nucleic Acids . Carry out a wide variety of functions within our body from energy storage to inheritance information or reciving and transmiting information.

Monomers and Polymers

. Most biomolecules are polymers built by long chains of units or building blocks, also called monomers. . Because of the big size (sometime huge!) that they can get they are called MACROmolecules.

Carbohydrates

. Biological molecules made out of C, H and O - ratio 1 C per each H2O (which gives the name to the molecules - carbo - (C) and hydrate - (water). . Also known as SUGARS . Form chains of different lengths . Belong to three different categories:

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

. From mono = one and sacchar = sugar - simple sugars . Most common GLUCOSE - six carbons (C6 H12 O6) - Contain from 3 to 7 C · Oxygen is found as an -OH group · Named depending on the number of carbons - trioses (three carbons), pentoses (five carbons), hexoses (six carbons) . When five or more C they'll form rings . Monosaccharides - monomers that form the rest of carbohydrates GLUCOSE 0 CH-OH C-H 1 0 H-C-OH H H K CI H -C-OH OH OH H/OH H -C-OH C; C, CH:OH H OH I OH -C-H 1 1

Disaccharides

di = two - formed by two monosaccharides ▪ join together - Most common - SUCROSE (table sugar) - formed by GLUCOSE and fructose (sugar from fruits) . Other common - LACTOSE and maltose. 6 CH2OH 1 CH2OH O H 5 H H 4 1 OH H HO 3 2 OH H OH OH Fructose CH2OH CH2OH H -0 .O- H H 1 (2 OH H H HO 1 OH O H OH OH H 2 5 HO OH 3 4 CH2OH 6 CH2OH Glucose -O H

Polysaccharides

. A long chain of monosaccharides - polysaccharide (poly = several) . Heavy molecular weigth due to the number of monomers joined together Some important polysaccharides are: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin . They perform different functions:

• Energy Storage · Starch in plants - source of energy for plant embryos. Human beings consume plants and use starch also as energy source. . Glycogen storage of glucose in human beings - it's found in liver and muscles.
• Structural - provide structure . Cellulose - major componment of cell walls - make them rigid (crunchy lettuce), Wood and paper

Lipids

· Molecules united for their inhability to mix up with water · Made up of carbon chains (only C and H) - hydrophobic and non polar . Main group FATS - essential for the body and have a number of important fucntions · Associated to vitamins . Energy storage - they contain over twice energy as carbohydrates . Insulation for the body . WAXES - important protector of epidermical surfaces: · Feathers · Leaves surfaces · Fruits

Lipids: Phospholipids

Hydrophilic head O=P-O Phosphate 0 CH2-CH-CH2 Glycerol O O COCO Jag Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head group · PHOSPHOLIPIDS - major components of the plasma membrane · Amphipatic molecules - part hydrophobic (fats) and part hydrophilic (phosphate and glycerol) Hydrophobic tails

Lipids: Steroids

- STEROIDS . Main steroid - COLESTEROL, synthesized by the liver. Precursor of different molecules: . Hormones - sex hormones (testosterone and stradiol) - Vitamin D · Bile acids - digestion and absortion of fats

Proteins: Aminoacids

- Among the most abundant substances in living organisms - All made up of one or more chains of aminoacids (monomers/building blocks of proteins) · Each protein is made up or 1 or more linear chains of aa, each chain is called polypeptide. . There are 20 different aa commonly found in proteins · Aminoacids - central C - amino group - acid group - side C chain . Side chain - determines properties of the aminoacid Amino group Carboxyl group H H O H N C C H O R « carbon Side chain

Proteins: Types and Functions

· Play a wide role within any organism · ENZYMES: . Catalyst in biochemical reactions - means they speed up reactions. Example - salivary amylase - breaks down amylose (kind of starch) in smaller sugars - HORMONES: . Long-distance signals - control determined physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism and reproduction. Example - insulin - regulates blood sugar levels · TRANSPORT . Carry substances through the blood and lymph - haemoglobin · DEFENSE . Protect the body against pathogens - antibodies · CONTRACTION · Carry out muscle contraction - myosin · STORAGE . Provide food for the early development of the embryo - egg white

Nucleic Acids: DNA Structure

DNA structure Its name is because: v they were discovered inside the nucleus, and v they are acidic

Nucleic Acids: Types and Function

- FUNCTION: To hold hereditary information, which controls cell functioning, and pass it on to descendants. - TYPES: Bases nitrogenadas 1 Par de bases Columnas de azúcar-fosfato ARN Ácido ribunocléico ADN Ácido desoxirribonucleico

Nucleic Acids: Building Blocks

GRUPO FOSFATO NH2 o=P-O- N N H O -H -H N N 5' C O H 4 1' BASE NITROGENADA 3' 2' OH OH AZUCAR A C T G T Nucleotides connect together to form chains C A T G Poste: Adriana Maria Salacar Mortaa, Ana Soledad Sandoval Rodrigues, Jaen Socorro Armenebirit Borunga Bologia mojecicw. Fundwneness y Derechos O McCraw-Hil Education. Derechos Raservador.

Nucleic Acids: Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA -RNA HOH2C 0 OH H H H H OH H HOH2C 0 OH H H H H OH OH Figura 3 El azúcar del ADN es la desoxirribosa (arriba) y el azúcar del ARN es la ribosa [abajo]. Cit osina C NH2 Bases nitrogenadas Guanina G NH NH Par de bases Adenina A H2N Uracilo U NH Columnas de azúcar-fosfato Bases del ARN ARN Ácido ribunocléico ADN Ácido desoxirribonucleico Citosina C NH2 Guanina G NH NH2 Adenina A H2N Timina T H3C. NH Bases del ADN Diferencias entre el ADN y el ARN El ADN difiere del ARN en el número de cadenas presentes, en la composición de las bases y en el tipo de pentosa.