Unit 7 Secondary Sector: Industry, Mining, and Energy Production

The Secondary Sector

UNIT 7 SECONDARY SECTOR3ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira 1. THE SECONDARY SECTOR The secondary sector is the sector of economy which includes the activities concerned with the transformation of raw materials into products that enable human needs to be met. The main activities of the secondary sector are: mining, industry, energy production and construction. Industry is the most significant of the activities, so we are going to focus on its history and evolution and its spaces (industrial spaces).

Mining Resources in the World and Spain

DT-0123 2. MINING RESOURCES IN THE WORLD AND SPAIN Mining is the economic activity concerned with locating, extracting and refining rocks and minerals found in the Earth's crust (open pit mining) or beneath its surface (mine site), and used later in industrial processes or in energy production. We do not link mining with the primary sector because they never produce natural resources which can be directly used for consumption.

Mining Today: Areas and Problems

453ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira MINING TODAY AREAS AND PROBLEMS Because of the uneven distribution of natural resources in the world, some of the products obtained in the mining determine the economic profile and possibilities of certain countries, either by their presence or by their absence (dependency). The most relevant examples are the sources of energy, such as coal, oil and natural gas, but precious metals and strategic minerals are also very important.

Countries with Mineral Resources

The countries with the most mineral resources are:

1. China: coal, gold and iron.
2. United States: natural gas, coal and iron.
3. Australia: god, iron and lead.

150° W 120° W 90° W 60° W 30° W 0 30° E 60° E 90° E 120° E 150° E 180° E 60° N - 30° N 30° N - Equator 0 30° S 30° S 0 1000 2000 ml T 0 1000 2000 3000 km 120° W 90° W 60° W 30° W 0 30° E 60° E 90" E 120° E 150° E @ 2010 EB, Inc. 60° S 60° S Anthracite and Bituminous Coal Lignite Coal deposits % Oil production 00 463ºESO Ger -- PT Au Au Cu Au PO NTY AI E Cu Fe Ma Cu Ag Pb Ag Cu Au Au Ag Cu Ag A Po 5 A Ag PbYAD Mn Ni Mn AI Au Bauxite [c] Chromium Fe Au AI PL Sn Au Au Cu 3 Ag FO Iron AI AI Fe 2 F S 2 Aş N Nickel Platinum Ag Silver Sn Tin Titanium 2 Zinc Au FO Au Ag Ag Sn 13 3 Sn Au Fe Za Ag Ag Au Pb Au 13 F 3 AU ₹ Sm 2 Sn Cu Copper Diamonds Gold 3 & Pb Lead Manganese Au ₹ Cu Au Pb Au Cu Au Legend Au Mn 3 AT3ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira

Iron, Gold, and Diamond Mining

Iron mining 200,000+ 100,000 - 200,000 50,000 - 100,000 20,000 - 50,000 10,000 - 20,000 <10,000 Gold mining Russia Canada China Venezuela India Guinea Sierra Leone Central African Rep. Liberia Dem. Rep. of the Congo Ivory Tanzania Brasil Coast Ghana Zimbabwe Angola Botswana Australia Namibia South Africa - Diamond production

Problems Caused by Mines

483ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira Mines can cause a variety of problems for the people who work in them and also because of their location:

• Changes to the land, on the surface and underground. Currently, the system called fracking (hydraulic fracturing), used for oil extraction, is one of the most aggressive.
• Atmospheric and water pollution. It is created due to the harmful chemicals that are used to extract the minerals and also because the burning of gas and oil during the extraction process (air pollution). Also, the refining process pollutes greatly the atmosphere and the waters, as we will see further in the unit.
• Destruction of natural space, causing a great impact on the vegetation and wildlife.
• Conflicts due to the exploitation of the resources: from the Coltan War in Congo; the so-called 'Blood Diamond' in countries such as Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone ad Liberia, the expulsion of natives from their lands in Ecuador; to conflicts fuelled by oil in the Middle East (Iraq, Syria, etc.).

Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

PROCESO 1 Se introducen a presión millones de litros de una mezcla de agua, arena y químicos a través de una tubería de acero + 99.5% La fracturación hidráulica es una técnica de exploración, extracción y producción de hidrocarburos, almacenados en los poros de rocas subterráneas 0.5% 3 El hidrocarburo producido se traslada hasta la superficie, para su almacenamiento y posterior procesamiento 2 El líquido produce una fracturación de las rocas porosas, liberando gas shale CONSECUENCIAS EN EL MEDIO AMBIENTE Beni Rwenzori National Park Nitoyo eng North Kivu Biambwe Kibale National Park De 4 a 5 mil metros de profundidad De 1,5 a 3 km de longitud horizontal Luberu UGANDA il Park Lake Edward DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Sudan Biundu Virunga National Park National Park Minerals Energy Bondo Diamonds Coal Gemena O Buta Isiro Gold Uranium Coltan Oil Monahalilo Copper, cobalt EQUATOR + Masisi Mining Tin Mbandaka Coltan and Ubunduo RWANDA Gold mine Ponia Rwanda Congo Goma Tin region Coltan Kindu Bukavu o Kahuzi-Blega National Park Copper belt Lodja rebel influence · Bandundu MANIEMA Brazzaville Kaskago . Cabinda (Angola) + Kikwit 0 Mbandaka EAST KASAI SOUTH KIVU Ta South Kivu Kabalo Matadi · Mbuji Mayi Bukavu LAKE TANGANY KATANGA (SHABA) - Railway Kamina Airport Luena Dilolo Likas Zambia Kolwezi 0 Jungle Lubumbashi Sources: Atlas du continent africain, Jeune Afrique et éditions du Jaguar Group, 2000; United Nations 0 400 km Zambia Sources: UNOCHA, series of maps: The Woods Hole Research Center, UNFCCC-COP, Reducing Co2 Emissions from Deforestation And Degradation in The Democratic Republic of Congo: A First Look, 2007; Institut Geographi- que National Congolaise: Global Witness, "Faced with a gun, what can you do?" 2009; The Guardian press release: Institute for Environmental Security, interactive database, accessed in March 2012. ATLANTIC OCEAN o Mbanza- Ngungu BANDUNDU · Kalemie Tshikapa WEST KASAI Kanaga O Uvir. Bujumbur Burund Kalehe Lake Kivu Ilébo Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo NORTH KIVU cassiterite mine Manganese Lead and zinc + Uganda Goma Conflict Area cotrolled by rebels Kigali Impenetrable Deforestation Monitored between Rutshuru 1990 and 2003 Bumba o EASTERN PROVINCE Moto ITURI Reported between 2005 and 2010 Wallkcale Kisangani Central African Republic Bangui E Road Area with strong Security related incidents against Humanitarian Organizations in 2009 and 2010 Marono Angola Savannah and agriculture FRACTURACION HIDRAULICA (Fracking) Problemas de sostenibilidad del agua Emisión de gases de efecto invernadero Contaminación acústica Contaminación del agua Contaminación atmosférica Impacto a ecosistemas

Energy Production and Sources

493ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruñ Biofuels/ Waste 10% Other 1% Hydro 2% Natural gas 22% Nuclear 5% Coal 28% Oil 32% 2017 3. ENERGY PRODUCTION Energy production transforms energy sources into heat and electricity, which allows all economic processes to be undertaken, from industrial production to technology consumption. Energy sources are those that can produce light, heat and power to move different types of machinery, and can be classified depending on their capacity to be naturally renewed and their degree of development.

Classification of Energy Sources by Renovation Capacity

• Renewable: they are inexhaustible. The most important are solar energy, wind power, geothermal, tidal and wave, hydroelectric or biomass.
• Non-renewable: they become exhausted through constant use, or it takes a very long time to be renewed. The main forms of non-renewable are coal, oil and natural gas and nuclear.

Energy Source Renewable Energy Non-renewable Energy oil Coal Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Nuclear Natural Gas

Classification of Energy Sources by Development Degree

• Traditional: well-established and widely used. It includes coal, oil, natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear fission power.

Hydroelectric power generation How fission splits the uranium atom Power transmission cables Dam Transformer Sluice gates Power house Generator Penstock The bigger the height difference between the upstream and downstream water level, the greater the amount of electricity generated Dam Turbine Storage reservoir lighter element Source: Adapted from National Energy Education Development Project (public domain) Source: Environment Canada Silt lighter element neutron + energy neutron Uranium 235 neutron Downstream outlet . Depending on their natural capacity for renovation: Hydropower N G3ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira

• Alternative: they have been developed as a substitute of the traditional sources of energy. The general idea is the advance towards cleaner, more renewable, less pollutant and less waste-generating energy production. Also, their impulse has been determined by the uneven distribution of traditional resources, reducing dependency from other countries. However, their use is conditioned by technological limitations or by their price. It includes solar energy, wind power, geothermal, tidal and wave, biomass and nuclear fusion power.

YOUR HOME POWER LINES TIDAL GENERATORS 1 CURRENT 4 INFOGRAPHIC CABLE 4 4 Heat Exchanger Turbine/generator Power 4 Production well Injection well 1km Insulating sedimentary rocks 2km - Hot granite 3km - Cracks Geothermal reservoir 4km - Agriculture Urban Forest Forest Slash Pits, Chaff, Shells Pruning Scraps Construction & Demolition Wood Yard Trimmings Non-Recyclable Organics Combustion Electricity Power Plant How nuclear fusion works 1 2 3 4 Hydrogen atoms are heated Fusion reaction Helium, neutron and energy released Neutron energy heats water Deuterium Steam Neutron Heat energy Heat Tritium Helium Chamber wall Water BBC 51 TIDAL POWER -3ºESO Geography and History Maristas Coruña Sabela Vieira

Traditional Sources of Energy

Alternative Sources of Energy

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