Diapositivas de ULPGC Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria sobre Conceptos de herencia y genética humana: contribución al perfil profesional del futuro médico. El Pdf explora la genética humana y la herencia, discutiendo preguntas comunes en consulta genética y la importancia del asesoramiento. Incluye estadísticas sobre enfermedades genéticas para Biología a nivel universitario.
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ULPGC
Universidad de
Las Palmas de
Gran Canaria
Silvia Muñoz Descalzo
Animal
-
Humana
- Médica
GENÉTICA
Vegetal
- Genética bioquímica
- Citogenética
- Citogenética molecular
- Genética Molecular
- GENÓMICA, PROTEÓMICA, ... OMICAS
- TERAPIA GENICA Y CELULAR
Estructuras en cuentas
de collar (nivel 1)
1
Cromosoma en división celular
1.400 nm
T
11 nm
1
700 mm
on
8
some
Transcription
Introns
spliced
out
Primary
MRNA
Exon
Exon
Exon
Mature
MRNA
Processing
Exon
Exon
Exon
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear pore
Translation
Plasma
membrane
Protein
Fig. 2.7 A summary of the steps leading from DNA to proteins. Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to
the cytoplasm, where translation of the mRNA into amino acid sequences composing a protein occurs.
Chromosome
DNA
Exon
Intron
Exon
Intron
Exon
ver .M
Estructura general: cromatina
Fibra de 700 nm (nivel 3)
Segmento de doble
hélice de ADN
Estructura en solenoide
(nivel 2)
Fibra de 300 nm (nivel 3)
1
2 mm
T
Figura 7-7. Niveles de empaquetamiento de ADN genómico nuclear de eucariotas para formar los cromosomas.
(Nustración de l. Baraibar.)
Medical
Genetics
JORDE | CAREY | BAMSHAD
Medical
Genetics
Estructuras en cuentas
de collar (nivel 1)
1
1.400 nm
JORDE | CAREY I BAMSHAD
11 nm
1
700 mm
on
8
*
₹
Estructura general: cromatina
Fibra de 700 nm (nivel 3)
Segmento de doble
hélice de ADN
300 nm
Fibra de 300 nm (nivel 3)
Estructura en solenoide
(nivel 2)
1
2 cm
T
Figura 7-7. Niveles de empaquetamiento de ADN genómico nuclear de eucariotas para formar los cromosomas.
(Nustración de l. Baraibar.)
Cromosoma en división celular
5'
3
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
One helical tum - 3.4 nm
Bases
C
3º
S'
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Fig. 2.3 The DNA double helix, with sugar-phosphate backbone and
nitrogenous bases.
Medical
Genetics
JORDE I CAREY I BAMSHAD
3'
5'
I-O
CH
Thymine
G= C
N
C
Cytosine
I
C
C
N
N-H
O
I
H
H
H
1
I
1
H
Z
N
N
N
O
0
HH
II
1
Guanine
N
N
C
-
-
0
N
1
1
N-
C-H
5'
3'
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Fig. 2.2 Chemical structure of the four bases, which shows hydrogen
bonds between base pairs. Three hydrogen bonds are formed between
cytosine-guanine pairs, and two bonds are formed between adenine-
thymine pairs.
DNA strands
miRNA strand
Adenine
Thymine
5'
3
5'
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
RNA
polymerase
RNA
nucleotide
Sense
strand
4 Antisense
strand
3'
5
Fig. 2.8 Transcription of DNA to mRNA. RNA polymerase Il proceeds
along the DNA strand in the 3' to S' direction, assembling a strand of
mRNA nucleotides that is complementary to the DNA template strand.
H
1
H
N-
C
N
O
I
H
H
Hydrogen
bond
00
Adenine
1
-
0
N
=
N-C-H
genes)
MRNA
5°
Val
Ser
Lys
Ser
Gly
Phe
Ala
Asp
Glu
Arg
Leu
3
*
JORDE | CAREY | BAMSHAD
Genetics
Medical
Adenine
Anticodon
of IRNA
Site of
amino acid
attachment
Uracil
Guanine
Amino acid
Cytosine
Fig. 2.13 Translation of mRNA to amino acids. The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction, assembling a growing polypeptide
chain. In this example, the mRNA sequence GUG AGC AAG GGU UCA has assembled five amino acids (Val, Ser, Lys, Gly, and Ser, respectively) into a
polypeptide.
Medical
Genetics
JORDE | CAREY | BAMSHAD
Chromosome
DNA
Exon
Intron
Exon
Intron
Exon
Transcription
Introns
spliced
out
Primary
MANA
Exon
Exon
Exon
Mature
MRNA
Processing
Exon
Exon
Exon
Nuclear
envelope
Nuclear pore
Translation
Plasma
membrane
Protein
Fig.2.7 A summary of the steps leading from DNA to proteins. Replication and transcription occur in the cell nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to
the cytoplasm, where translation of the mRNA into amino acid sequences composing a protein occurs.
Nucleus
Hydroxylation of
selected prolines and
lysines
Synthesis of
pro-& chain
Glycosylation of
selected hydroxytysines
0
NHẸ
COOH
Triple helix formation
M
OH
Secretion
Procollagen molecule
CH
Cleavage of
procollagen
Collagen molecule
Assembly
into fibril
Collagen fibril
Fig. 2.15 The process of collagen fibril formation. After the prom
polypeptide chain is formed, a series of posttranslational modifica-
tions takes place, including hydroxylation and glycosylation. Three
polypeptide chains assemble into a triple helix, which is secreted
outside the cell Portions of each end of the procollagen molecule
are cleaved, resulting in the mature collagen molecule. These mol-
ecules then assemble into collagen fibrils.
Patient
c.281T>A(p.V94D)
TGTCCCGT CTGCCCCG
Control
c.281T(p.V94)
TGTCCC GTCTGCCCCG
B
Fig. 2.14 A, A stillborn infant with type II osteogenesis imperfecta
(the perinatal lethal form). The infant had a type I procollagen
mutation and short, slightly twisted limbs. B, Radiograph of an
infant with type II osteogenesis imperfecta. Note calluses from rib
fractures, which are observable as "beads" on the ribs (arrows).
Medical
Genetics
JORDE | CAREY | BAMSHAD