Riassunto di Letteratura Inglese 4: Umanesimo, T. More, Rinascimento, i Tudor

Documento di Letteratura su Riassunto Letteratura Inglese 4: Humanism, T. More, Renaissance, The Tudors. Il Pdf, utile per l'Università, copre l'Umanesimo, Thomas More e la dinastia Tudor, con un focus sull'opera "Utopia" e l'evoluzione della lingua inglese.

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RIASSUNTO LETTERATURA INGLESE 4:
Humanism, T. More, Renaissance, the Tudors
HUMANISM (pag 62-63)
In the 15th century, during the Renaissance, Humanism emerged, shifting focus from
the divine to human thought and action. The Italian Renaissance shaped the idea of
the "Renaissance man," exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci, who combined art and
science in his pursuit of knowledge. Niccolò Machiavelli’s Il Principe (1513)
influenced Elizabethan politics and literature, with its ideas reflected in
Shakespearean drama.
Renaissance literature shifted from expressing pre-existing meaning to exploring
uncertainty, especially in theatre, with writers like Shakespeare and Marlowe.
While England lacked a novel tradition, prose writing took the form of essays and
reflections on religious and moral reform, with figures like Thomas More and Francis
Bacon leading the way.
THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH
In England:
Norman imported French
Romans imported Latin.
Only under the reign of Richard II, middle classes and nobility started speaking the
English language.
In 1362 the parliament decided that English had to replace French as the official
language of the country. Many documents were translated from Latin and French to
English.
During this period it was the development of middle English in literature.
Middle classes started being more educated, there was a growth of literacy and the
demand for books increased.
As a consequence the first printing shop opened in England in 1476 and the next
year the first book was printed.
The Richard reign set the foundation for the War of Roses.
THOMAS MORE
(pag 64-65)
Thomas More is an important writer, born in London in 1478. He was a chancellor of
England but when he opposed Henry VIII he was imprisoned and killed in 1535
because he didn’t accept the marriage of the king. He was declared Saint in the 20th
century.
He wrote Utopia.
UTOPIA
It was written in Latin and it was translated into other languages such as English,
French, Italian…
The term Utopia in Greek means “no place”. Utopia consisted of 2 books.
In the first book the author described English society, and there are real historical
events and real characters. It’s a mixture of fiction and reality.
That's why we can say it's a kind of autobiographical story. More is the author and
the narrator.
In the second book there are 9 chapters, each one describing a specific part of
Utopian Society:the geography of the island, the structure of cities, politics and
justice, work: It’s a society where there is no private property and there is no money.,
family structure, means of transport, deals with utopian “slave”, consisted in
criminals, who are involved in “community service”, the military system, even though
utopian hate war, the religion: there is freedom of worship, so utopians can choose
their religion.
More was influenced by Plato.
Summary of Utopia by Thomas More
Structure:
Thomas More's Utopia (1516) is divided into two books:
1. Book 1 – A dialogue that critiques European society, particularly England,
through a conversation between More, a Flemish humanist Peter Giles, and a
traveler named Raphael Hythloday.
2. Book 2 – A monologue by Hythloday describing Utopia, an ideal island
society with a rational political and economic system.
Plot:
The story begins in Book 1 with Thomas More meeting Hythloday, a traveler who has
visited an unknown island called Utopia. Hythloday criticizes the corruption and
inequality of European nations, particularly the English legal system, land enclosure,
and the harsh punishments for petty crimes. He argues that private property is the
root of many social problems.
In Book 2, Hythloday describes Utopia as a highly organized, collectivist society
where private property does not exist. The Utopians share everything, work for the
common good, and value education, philosophy, and religious tolerance. The society

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Umanesimo e Rinascimento

RIASSUNTO LETTERATURA INGLESE 4: Humanism, T. More, Renaissance, the Tudors

Umanesimo (pagine 62-63)

In the 15th century, during the Renaissance, Humanism emerged, shifting focus from the divine to human thought and action. The Italian Renaissance shaped the idea of the "Renaissance man," exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci, who combined art and science in his pursuit of knowledge. Niccolò Machiavelli's Il Principe (1513) influenced Elizabethan politics and literature, with its ideas reflected in Shakespearean drama. Renaissance literature shifted from expressing pre-existing meaning to exploring uncertainty, especially in theatre, with writers like Shakespeare and Marlowe. While England lacked a novel tradition, prose writing took the form of essays and reflections on religious and moral reform, with figures like Thomas More and Francis Bacon leading the way.

L'importanza crescente dell'inglese

In England: · Norman imported French · Romans imported Latin. Only under the reign of Richard II, middle classes and nobility started speaking the English language. In 1362 the parliament decided that English had to replace French as the official language of the country. Many documents were translated from Latin and French to English. During this period it was the development of middle English in literature. Middle classes started being more educated, there was a growth of literacy and the demand for books increased. As a consequence the first printing shop opened in England in 1476 and the next year the first book was printed. The Richard reign set the foundation for the War of Roses.

Thomas More

Biografia di Thomas More (pagine 64-65)

Thomas More is an important writer, born in London in 1478. He was a chancellor of England but when he opposed Henry VIII he was imprisoned and killed in 1535because he didn't accept the marriage of the king. He was declared Saint in the 20th century. He wrote Utopia.

Utopia di Thomas More

It was written in Latin and it was translated into other languages such as English, French, Italian ... The term Utopia in Greek means "no place". Utopia consisted of 2 books. In the first book the author described English society, and there are real historical events and real characters. It's a mixture of fiction and reality. That's why we can say it's a kind of autobiographical story. More is the author and the narrator. In the second book there are 9 chapters, each one describing a specific part of Utopian Society:the geography of the island, the structure of cities, politics and justice, work: It's a society where there is no private property and there is no money., family structure, means of transport, deals with utopian "slave", consisted in criminals, who are involved in "community service", the military system, even though utopian hate war, the religion: there is freedom of worship, so utopians can choose their religion. More was influenced by Plato.

Riassunto di Utopia di Thomas More

Struttura di Utopia

Thomas More's Utopia (1516) is divided into two books: 1. Book 1 - A dialogue that critiques European society, particularly England, through a conversation between More, a Flemish humanist Peter Giles, and a traveler named Raphael Hythloday. 2. Book 2 - A monologue by Hythloday describing Utopia, an ideal island society with a rational political and economic system.

Trama di Utopia

The story begins in Book 1 with Thomas More meeting Hythloday, a traveler who has visited an unknown island called Utopia. Hythloday criticizes the corruption and inequality of European nations, particularly the English legal system, land enclosure, and the harsh punishments for petty crimes. He argues that private property is the root of many social problems. In Book 2, Hythloday describes Utopia as a highly organized, collectivist society where private property does not exist. The Utopians share everything, work for the common good, and value education, philosophy, and religious tolerance. The societyoperates on rational principles, eliminating greed and poverty. Hythloday believes Utopia is superior to Europe in terms of justice, governance, and morality.

Umanesimo e Rinascimento in Italia

Umanesimo (pagine 62-63)

Durante il Rinascimento emerse l'Umanesimo, che spostò l'attenzione dalla sfera divina al pensiero e all'azione umana. Il Rinascimento italiano plasmò l'idea dell' "uomo rinascimentale", esemplificata da Leonardo da Vinci, che unì arte e scienza nella sua ricerca della conoscenza. Il Principe (1513) di Niccolò Machiavelli influenzò la politica e la letteratura elisabettiana, con le sue idee riflesse nel teatro shakespeariano. La letteratura rinascimentale passò dall'esprimere significati preesistenti all'esplorare l'incertezza, soprattutto nel teatro, con autori come Shakespeare e Marlowe. Mentre in Inghilterra mancava una tradizione del romanzo, la prosa si sviluppò sotto forma di saggi e riflessioni sulla riforma religiosa e morale, con figure di spicco come Thomas More e Francis Bacon.

L'importanza crescente dell'inglese

In Inghilterra:

  • I Normanni importarono il francese.
  • I Romani importarono il latino.
Solo sotto il regno di Riccardo II le classi medie e la nobiltà iniziarono a parlare la lingua inglese. Nel 1362 il parlamento decise che l'inglese doveva sostituire il francese come lingua ufficiale del paese. Molti documenti furono tradotti dal latino e dal francese all'inglese. Durante questo periodo ci fu lo sviluppo dell'inglese medio nella letteratura. Le classi medie iniziarono a essere più istruite, ci fu una crescita dell'alfabetizzazione e aumentò la richiesta di libri. Di conseguenza, la prima tipografia fu aperta in Inghilterra nel 1476 e l'anno successivo fu stampato il primo libro. Il regno di Riccardo II pose le basi per la Guerra delle Due Rose.

Thomas More

Biografia di Thomas More (pagine 64-65)

Thomas More è uno scrittore importante, nato a Londra nel 1478. Fu cancelliere d'Inghilterra, ma quando si oppose a Enrico VIII fu imprigionato e ucciso nel 1535 perché non accettò il matrimonio del re. Fu dichiarato santo nel XX secolo. Scrisse Utopia.

Utopia

Fu scritto in latino e tradotto in altre lingue come inglese, francese, italiano ... Il termine Utopia in greco significa "non luogo". Utopia è composto da due libri.

  • Nel primo libro l'autore descrive la società inglese, includendo eventi storici reali e personaggi reali. È un mix di finzione e realtà. Per questo possiamo dire che è una sorta di racconto autobiografico. More è sia l'autore che il narratore.
  • Nel secondo libro ci sono 9 capitoli, ognuno dei quali descrive un aspetto specifico della società utopica:La geografia dell'isola, La struttura delle città, Politica e giustizia,Lavoro (è una società in cui non esiste la proprietà privata né il denaro), Struttura familiare, Mezzi di trasporto, Il concetto di "schiavo di Utopia"(che consiste in criminali coinvolti in lavori socialmente utili), Il sistema militare, anche se gli utopiani odiano la guerra, La religione (c'è libertà di culto, quindi gli utopiani possono scegliere la loro religione).
More fu influenzato da Platone.

Riassunto di Utopia di Thomas More

Struttura dell'opera

L'opera è divisa in due libri:

  1. Libro 1 - Un dialogo che critica la società europea, in particolare l'Inghilterra, attraverso una conversazione tra Thomas More, l'umanista fiammingo Peter Giles e il viaggiatore Raphael Hythloday.
  2. Libro 2 - Un monologo di Hythloday che descrive Utopia, un'isola ideale con un sistema politico ed economico razionale.

Trama dell'opera

3. Trama: Nel Libro 1, Thomas More incontra Raphael Hythloday, un viaggiatore che ha visitato un'isola sconosciuta chiamata Utopia. Hythloday critica la corruzione e le disuguaglianze delle nazioni europee, concentrandosi in particolare sul sistema legale inglese, sulla recinzione delle terre e sulle pene severe per piccoli crimini. Secondo lui, la proprietà privata è la causa principale di molti problemi sociali. Nel Libro 2, Hythloday descrive Utopia come una società altamente organizzata e collettivista, in cui la proprietà privata non esiste. Gli Utopiani condividono tutto, lavorano per il bene comune e danno grande importanza all'istruzione, alla filosofia e alla tolleranza religiosa. La società funziona secondo principi razionali, eliminandoavidità e povertà. Hythloday sostiene che Utopia sia superiore all'Europa in termini di giustizia, governo e moralità.

Inghilterra sotto i Tudor (pagine 68-84)

Guerra delle Due Rose (1455-1485)

There were 2 contending parties: the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. The wars ended in 1485 when the York king Richard III was defeated by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who became the first Tudor king as Henry VII.

Enrico VII

Henry VII supported the expeditions of the Cabots to North America to challenge the dominance of Spain and Portugal. During the reign of Henry 7º the English naval power increased.In this period there was also the discovery of America by Columbus (1492).

Enrico VIII

Henry VIII ascended to the throne in 1509 following his father's reign. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon, who gave him a daughter, named Mary. Yet, longing for a male heir, Henry developed romantic feelings for Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to the queen. Using the pretext that his marriage to Catherine was invalid due to her being his sister-in-law, Henry petitioned the Pope to annul the marriage. When Pope Clement VII refused, Henry, disavowing papal authority, turned to the English clergy and parliament for resolution. They declared his marriage to Catherine null and void, enabling Henry to marry Anne Boleyn. Additionally, the English parliament passed the Act of Supremacy (1534), which declared Henry VIII as the supreme authority over the Church of England on earth. Henry also improved England's military power by constructing a formidable fleet of modern vessels equipped with heavy cannons. Henry VIII's break with the Church aligned him partly with the Reformation, a 16th-century movement that weakened the power of the Roman Church. Originating in Germany, the Reformation was led by Martin Luther, who initiated it in 1517 with his 95 Theses.

Edoardo VI

Edward VI, the son of Henry VIII, assumed the throne at the tender age of nine. Due to his youth, his uncle was appointed as his protector.

Maria I

MARY I

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