Behaviorismo: Condicionamiento Clásico y Operante en Psicología

Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism

2024/2025 Lidia Budziszewska, PhD Email: lidia.budziszewska@universidadeuropea.es

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1. Russian reflexology. Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.
2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.
3. Instrumental/Operant Conditioning. E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner.
4. Behavior Therapy/ Behavior modification. Mary Cover Jones and behavior modification techniques.
5. Neobehaviorism (E. C. Tolman and C. L. Hull), Interbehaviorism (J. R. Kantor) and Social Learning (A. Bandura).Russian reflexology. Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.
6. Psychology as the science of Watson.
7. Instrumental/Operant Conditi Thorndike and B. F. Skinner.
8. Behavior Therapy/ Behavior m Cover Jones and behavior modifi techniques.
9. Neobehaviorism (E. C. Tolman Interbehaviorism (J. R. Kantor) and (A. Bandura).

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism

Russian reflexology. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 1. Russian reflexology. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) V. M. Bechterev (1857-1927) I. Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Great emphasis on methological control.
• Rejection of introspection, subjectiveness and the concept of mind.
• Interest on observable behaviour, a manifestation of brain reflexes.
• Use of experimentation and observation.
• Analysis of the relation between external stimuli and the organism's responses.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

I. Pavlov (1849-1936)

• Physiologist.
• Nobel prize winner (1904)
• ANTECEDENTS:
• Research on secretory glands. "Psychic secretion" (Boring, 1850); "distant reflexes" (Tolochinov)
• He believed he had found the fundamental adaptation mechanism of all animals and a way into the functioning of classical conditioning.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

Pavlov's Research Apparatus

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

I. Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical/respondent conditioning

. Two stimuli, through succesive pairings, end up eliciting the same response. · Elements:

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US): one that causes a response without any prior learning.
• Unconditioned Response (UR): one that occurs after a certain stimulus is presented, without any prior learning.
• Neutral Stimulus (NS): one that does not elicit any answer.
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): one that, through learning, elicits a response.
• Conditioned Response (CR): one that occurs after a certain stimulus is presented, through learning.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

Classical conditioning

NS (no response) US - UR NS + US - UR CS -CR REMEMBER: the Unconditioned and Conditioned responses are topographically identical.

1. Before Conditioning RESPONSE RESPONSE Bell Neutral Stimulus No Salivation No Conditioned Response 3. During Conditioning + RESPONSE Bell Food Salivation Unconditioned Response 4. After Conditioning RESPONSE Bell Conditioned Stimulus Salivation Conditioned Response Classical Conditioning https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI @ Copyright Universidad Europea. Todos los derechos reservados Food Unconditioned Stimulus Salivation Unconditioned Response 2. Before ConditioningUe Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

Classical conditioning

1. Before conditioning NS (bell) a no salivation response US (food) - UR (salivation) 2. During conditioning NS (bell) + US (food)“ UR (salivation) 3. After conditioning CS (bell) - CR (salivation) It makes possible the scientific study of the organism-environment relations, model for the objective research of the learned responses. @ Copyright Universidad Europea. Todos los derechos reservadosUe Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism. I. Pavlov and Classical Conditioning.

Classical conditioning Some examples

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BB7 AIrt06ck
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow BQIhg6CvE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvP bmmd7xik While classical conditioning might seem just a fun little unimportant thing, we learn several things through it. The meaning of words, social norms, beauty standards, things we like to eat ...

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism.

Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

J. B. Watson (1878-1958)

• First studies on animals: Evolution of the behaviour of rats in mazes.
• Studies with swallows who were trying to find their nests.
• Antecedents: K. Lorenz and "imprinting".

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

J. B. Watson (1878-1958)

• Psychology = science of behaviour: Behaviour would be the object of study. Rejection of introspection as a method and of conscience as an object of research.
• Psychology = natural science: Wanted a scientific psychology, only focused on the observable. Positivism, objectivism.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

S-R J. B. Watson (1878-1958)

• Transferred to the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in 1916. His observations on one-year-old babies made him reject the supposed importance of instinct and to highlight the role of emotions.
• He understood complex behaviours as combinations of simple responses. Behaviour would be composed of glandular secretions and muscular contractions.
• Thought would be subvocal speech: small muscular movements in the larynx.
• Unit of behaviour: following every environmental stimulus comes a response, and every response is caused by a stimulus (determinism).
• All behaviour modifications occur through new associations and conditioned reflexes (new S-R conections).

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Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years.

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UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

J. B. Watson (1878-1958)

. He does not deny the importance of nature, but, in a moment in which eugenics were still very much en vogue, he highlighted the importance of nurture. · The complex, organized behaviour of adults would be a result of training (conditioning) on the basic, non-learnt reflexes. · The study of emotions in children: Little Albert (Watson & Rayner, 1919) . It demonstrates that fear responses might be conditioned in humans. . It illustrates the appliability of classical conditioning on the development and modification of emotional behaviour in humans. @ Copyright Universidad Europea. Todos los derechos reservadosUe Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

J. B. Watson (1878-1958)

• (NS) = no fear/ no crying
• (US) a fear/ crying (UR)
• (NS) + (US) a fear/crying (UR)
• (CS) a fear/ crying (CR)

Rosalie Rayner (1898-1935) https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI http://psychclassics.yorku.c a/Watson/emotion.htmUe Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

Classical Conditioning- "Little Albert" (Watson y Rayner, 1920)

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BEHAVIORIST MANIFESTO

Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. John B. Watson (1913).

First published in Psychological Review, 20, 158-177

"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation. ( ... ) In a system of psychology completely worked out, given the response the stimuli can be predicted; given the stimuli the response can be predicted". @ Copyright universidad Europea. Todos los derechos rese vadosUe Universidad Europea

UNIT 3: Behaviorism. 2. Psychology as the science of behavior: John B. Watson.

IDENTIFY THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN THE FOLLOWING LEARNING PROCESS.

US,UR,NS,CS before learning (US-UR; NS), during learning (US-CS), after learning (CS-CR)

1. A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is bitten by the dog and cries. Every time she hears a dog bark, she cries.
2. A boy who is trained in karate often practices by throwing mock punches at his sister. One day, he accidentally hits her in the eye and hurts her. From that day on, every time he raises his hands, his sister blinks.

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